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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 30.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Chem. 2022 Mar 4;68(3):461–472. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab249

Figure 6. Direct causal effects of obesity on kidney function in the European population.

Figure 6

Estimates (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals) are from the inverse variance weighted random-effects Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, and expressed in log units per standard deviation (SD) increase in exposure for continuous outcomes, and odds ratios for binary outcomes.

MR approach estimated the total causal effects of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) on kidney function outcomes (shown in Supplemental Table 3).

Multivariable MR (MVMR) based on the inverse-variance weighted method estimated the direct causal effects of BMI and WHR on each kidney function outcome, while accounting for each other and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D).

eGFRcysC: estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum cystatin C. BUN: blood urea nitrogen. UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. CKD: chronic kidney disease.