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Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) showing the hypothesized relationships between HMGCR single nucleotide polymorphisms, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), body mass index (BMI), and breast cancer. DAG (A) illustrates a pleiotropic hypothesis while DAG (B) illustrates a hypothesis where BMI confounds the association between LDLC and breast cancer that was identified by Orho-Melander et al.
