Figure 4. Data visualization.

Figure showing different visualisations of a summary-data MR analysis. The example shown is estimating the effect of body mass index (BMI) on coronary heart disease (CHD). (a) A scatter plot of the SNP–exposure and SNP–outcome associations for each SNP with an inverse variance weighted estimated line fitted. (b) The same plot with the robust approaches weighted mode, weighted median and MR Egger added (note that the weighted median is obscured by the weighted mode). (c) The same data plotted using a radial MR framework to identify outliers, the horizontal axis gives the weight given to each point and the vertical axis the weight multiplied by the effect estimate. The inverse variance weighted estimated fitted line is shown. (d) A leave-one-out analysis where the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) estimate has been recalculated excluding one SNP at a time to look for SNPs that highly influence the overall result. These graphs were created using the ‘TwoSampleMR’ and ‘RadialMR’ R packages, using data from the OpenGWAS project.