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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 14.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022 Feb 10;2:6. doi: 10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5

Figure 6. Illustration of variants in linkage disequilibrium and shared causal variants identified by colocalization.

Figure illustrating colocalization. (a) An example of distinct causal variants that violate the instrumental variable assumption IV2. G1 and G2 represent two genetic variants and the link between them is non-directional, reflecting linkage disequilibrium (LD). (b, c) Examples of a shared causal variant. (b) A violation of the assumption IV2. (c) A situation that satisfies the IV assumptions.