Table 3.

Radionuclides and/or chelators for current clinical diagnostics of microbial infection.

Metal and/or chelators	Non-metals	Targeted infection/diseases	Limitation	References
[99mTc]Tc-HMPAO/[99mTc]Tc-exametazine		Osteomyelitis and spondylodiscitis, FUO, joint prosthesis, soft tissue infection, cardiovascular system infections, vascular prostheses, peripheral musculoskeletal infections	Non-specific accumulation in kidneys and intestines released by [99mTc]Tc-exametazine	(23, 88–91)
[111In]In-oxine		Joint prosthesis and other orthopedic prostheses, imaging kidneys, bladder, gallbladder, and intestines	Non-specific, higher radiation dose	(23, 92)
[67Ga]Ga-citrate		Soft tissue infection, chronic osteomyelitis, opportunistic respiratory tract infections, FUO, tuberculosis, bone infection	Non-specific, higher radiation dose	(23, 89, 93–96)
[68Ga]Ga-citrate		Osteomyelitis, intra-abdominal infection, tuberculosis, interstitial nephritis, bacteremia, lung infection	Non-specific	(96–99)
	[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose	FUO, prosthetic vascular graft, ED, VGI, osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infection, and musculoskeletal infections, bacteremia, fungal infection, mycobacterial infection	Non-specific	(20–22, 74, 99–104)