Table 5.
68Ga-labeled siderophores (endogenous and exogenous) investigated in different pathogens of interests.
| 68Ga-Siderophore | Microorganisms | In vitro up take | Stability in human serum/protein binding | In vivo clearance | Human lung cancer cell | Infection model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyoverdine (PVD-POA1) |
P. aeruginosa | High and rapid | High stability | Renal excretion | No uptake | Myositis and lung infection | (181) |
|
A. baumannii Burkholderia cenocepacia B. multivorans C. albicans E. coli ATCC 10536 K. pneumonia P.aeruginosa ATCC 15692 P. grimontii P. monteilii S.aureus S. maltophilia S. agalactiae Y. enterocolitica A. fumigatus ATCC 46645 |
No | ND | (181) | ||||
| Ornibactin (ORNB) Triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) Ferrioxamine E (FOXE) Ferrichrome A (FCHA) Aerobactin (AERO) |
P. aeruginosa | Negligible | ND | ND | ND | ND | (181) |
|
Yersiniabactin
(YbT) |
E. coli Nissle 1917 | High | ? | ? | ? | Myositis (?) | (189) |
| E. coli DHalpha | No | ND | ND | ND | ND | (189) | |
| Desferrioxamine-B (DFO-B) derivatives | S. aureus | High | high stability | Renal excretion | ND | Myositis | (180) |
| DFO-B | S aureus | Highest and rapid | high stability ∼ 20% protein binding up to 120 min incubation |
Renal excretion | ND | Myositis | (183, 184) |
| P. aeruginosa | High and rapid | Myositis & lung infectioin | |||||
| S. agalactia | Higher and rapid | No | |||||
| A. fumigatus | High at pH 7.0 | Aspergillosis | |||||
|
E. coli ATCC 10536, C. albicans, K. pneumoniae |
No | ND | |||||
| TAFC | A. fumigatus ATCC46645 | High and rapid | High | Renal excretion | ND | Neutronic IPA | (175, 178, 179) |
|
A. terreus DSM826, A. flavus ATCC 9643, |
No | ND | |||||
| Rhizopus oryzae AS5 Fusarium solani AS94 | Low | ND | |||||
|
C. albicans ATCC 90028, K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, M. smegmatis mc2155 |
No | ND | |||||
| S. aureus | No | Abscess model | |||||
| FOXE | A. fumigatus ATCC46645 | High and rapid | High | Renal excretion | ND | Neutronic IPA | |
|
A. terreus DSM826, A. flavus ATCC 9643, R. oryzae AS5 F. solani AS94 |
Low | ND | |||||
|
C. albicans ATCC 90028 K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, M. smegmatis mc2155 |
No | ND | |||||
| S. aureus | Low | Abscess model | |||||
| Ferricrocin (FC) | A. fumigatus ATCC 46645 | High and rapid | 60% protein binding | Blood & major organ retention | ND | ND | (176) |
| Coprogen (COP) | A. fumigatus ATCC 46645 | Very low | Moderate | ND | ND | ND | (176) |
| Ferrichrome (FCH) | A. fumigatus ATCC 46645 | High and rapid | 60% | Blood & major organ retention | ND | ND | (176) |
| Ferrioxamine B (FOXB) | A. fumigatus ATCC 46645 | Very low | 10% protein binding | ND | ND | ND | (176) |
| Fusarinine C (FUSC) | A. fumigatus ATCC 46645 | High and rapid | 20% protein binding | High Kidney retention | ND | ND | (176) |
ND, not determined/not done; ?, not revealed in the publication.