. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 13.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2023 Jan 31;118(6):1127–1139. doi: 10.1111/add.16125

Table 1. Participant profile.

	a. All participants						b. Those who gambled in both waves
	Wave 1		Wave 2		Combined		Wave 1		Wave 2		Combined
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Gender^a
Female	1268	46.4	1268	46.4	2536	46.4	283	41.2	283	41.2	566	41.2
Male	812	53.6	812	53.6	1624	53.6	214	58.8	214	58.8	428	58.8
Age
Mean age:	2080	20.5	2080	21.5	4160	21	497	21.2	497	22.2	994	21.7
SD		2.4		2.4		2.5		2.3		2.3		2.4
Ethnic group^a
White	1822	86.8	1822	86.8	3644	86.8	449	89.8	449	89.8	898	89.8
Non-White	258	13.2	258	13.2	516	13.2	48	10.2	48	10.2	96	10.2
Tenure
Own with mortgage or part own scheme	299	16.7	277	15.7	576	16.2	76	16.5	73	16	149	16.3
Rent from local authority/housing authority	679	31.3	691	31.1	1370	31.2	173	33.1	183	34.7	356	33.9
Live with parents/family/friends-pays rent	324	16.3	374	18.4	698	17.4	104	23.5	118	24.7	222	24.1
Live with parents/family/friends-does not pay rent	778	35.7	738	34.8	1516	35.3	144	27	123	24.6	267	25.8
Marital status
Live with partner	305	12.2	354	14.4	659	13.3	111	18.1	121	19.7	232	18.9
Do not live with partner	446	20.4	410	19.6	856	20	112	22.3	104	21.8	216	22
Single-no partner	1329	67.4	1316	66.1	2645	66.7	274	59.6	272	58.5	546	59.1
Employment/education status
In education/employment or training	1802	87.7	1664	80.9	3466	84.3	451	92	423	86.5	874	89.2
Not in education/employment or training	278	12.3	416	19.1	694	15.7	46	8	74	13.5	120	10.8
Personal income
<£5 k	605	31	522	27.5	1127	29.3	106	22.2	83	17.6	189	19.9
£5 k-£19 999	442	20.1	439	20	881	20.1	139	27	134	25.9	273	26.5
£20 k+	310	14.9	418	19.6	728	17.3	120	24.4	155	30.5	275	27.4
Unknown	723	33.9	701	32.9	1424	33.4	132	26.4	125	26.1	257	26.2
Educational attainment
Does not have a degree or higher	1398	69.4	1265	63.4	2663	66.4	283	59.3	263	55.5	546	57.4
Has a degree or higher	682	30.7	815	36.6	1497	33.6	214	40.7	234	44.5	448	42.6
Parental education^a
Degree or higher	1196	57.5	1196	57.5	2392	57.5	260	52.6	260	52.6	520	52.6
Secondary education	736	35.4	736	35.4	1472	35.4	209	41.8	209	41.8	418	41.8
Primary or lower	24	1.2	24	1.2	48	1.2	6	1.2	6	1.2	12	1.2
Unknown	124	5.9	124	5.9	248	5.9	22	4.5	22	4.5	44	4.5
Region
North East	70	3.7	65	3.6	135	3.6	19	4.0	17	3.9	36	4.0
North West	211	10.3	214	10.3	425	10.3	59	12.1	59	11.6	118	11.9
Yorkshire and the Humber	190	8.7	188	8.8	378	8.7	51	8.5	54	9.3	105	8.9
East Midlands	145	7.7	140	7.4	285	7.6	28	5.5	27	5.2	55	5.3
West Midlands	170	8.7	172	8.8	342	8.7	42	9.6	43	9.7	85	9.7
East of England	174	9.7	175	9.7	349	9.7	41	10.1	43	10.4	84	10.2
London	305	13.4	317	13.8	622	13.6	62	11.6	65	11.9	127	11.7
South East	296	13.0	293	13.1	589	13.0	72	13.0	71	13.2	143	13.1
South West	204	8.1	208	8.3	412	8.2	35	6.2	34	6.2	69	6.2
Wales	96	5.7	89	5.3	185	5.5	32	8.6	29	7.7	61	8.1
Scotland	184	8.2	184	8.1	368	8.2	47	8.3	46	8.0	93	8.2
Northern Ireland	35	3.0	35	3.0	70	3.0	9	2.7	9	2.8	18	2.8
Area deprivation quintile
Unknown	169	14.5	213	16.3	382	15.4	22	7.6	28	8.9	50	8.3
1st least deprived	383	17.1	381	17.1	764	17.1	94	17.7	90	17.0	184	17.4
2nd	397	16.3	366	15.4	763	15.8	97	17.5	97	17.6	194	17.5
3rd	388	16.7	373	16.1	761	16.4	86	16.2	85	15.9	171	16.1
4th	357	17.4	374	17.6	731	17.5	85	17.1	87	17.1	172	17.1
5th most deprived	386	18.1	373	17.6	759	17.9	113	23.8	110	23.5	223	23.6
Impulsivity score^a
Mean score	2080	2.24	2080	2.24	4160	2.24	497	2.3	497	2.3	994	2.3
SD		0.87		0.87		0.87		0.92		0.92		0.92

These variables were measured at wave 1 only and therefore, data on the sample characteristics are the same for both wave 1 and wave 2. They are treated as fixed effects in the subsequent models.