Table 3. Zero-inflated negative binomial models: relationship between past year participation in gambling activities at wave 1 and PGSI scores at wave 2.
| Count model | Incidence-rate ratio | SE | 95% CI (lower) | 95% CI (upper) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PGSI score wave 1 | 1.17 | 0.02 | 1.13 | 1.22 | <0.001 |
| Lotteries | 0.85 | 0.21 | 0.53 | 1.37 | 0.510 |
| Scratchcards | 1.04 | 0.21 | 0.70 | 1.55 | 0.834 |
| Private betting | 0.56 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.86 | 0.008** |
| Fruit/slot machines | 0.92 | 0.22 | 0.58 | 1.48 | 0.736 |
| FOBT | 0.63 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 1.48 | 0.287 |
| Online horse/dog betting | 1.14 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 2.21 | 0.699 |
| Online sports betting | 1.34 | 0.35 | 0.81 | 2.22 | 0.257 |
| Online casino/slots | 1.20 | 0.36 | 0.66 | 2.16 | 0.550 |
| Online bingo | 1.20 | 0.29 | 0.74 | 1.92 | 0.460 |
| Online other betting | 1.22 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 2.32 | 0.548 |
| Horse/dog racing | 0.82 | 0.18 | 0.53 | 1.27 | 0.379 |
| Sports betting | 1.61 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 3.25 | 0.182 |
| Other form of betting | 2.51 | 1.22 | 0.97 | 6.49 | 0.057 |
| Casino table games (in person) | 1.10 | 0.28 | 0.67 | 1.80 | 0.720 |
| Bingo (in person) | 0.94 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 1.55 | 0.809 |
| Poker | 0.66 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 1.51 | 0.328 |
| Loot boxes | 1.08 | 0.30 | 0.62 | 1.87 | 0.796 |
| Skin betting (any) | 1.01 | 0.30 | 0.56 | 1.82 | 0.977 |
| Control variables: | |||||
| Number of activities in past 12 months (baseline = 0 or 1) | |||||
| 2 or 3 | 0.39 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 0.009** |
| 4 or 5 more | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.81 | 0.015* |
| 5 or more | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.67 | 0.005** |
| Constant | 2.90 | 0.64 | 1.89 | 4.46 | 0.000** |
| Inflate model | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI (lower) | 95% CI (upper) | P value |
| Impulsivity scale | -0.24 | 0.14 | -0.51 | 0.02 | 0.071 |
| Male | -0.78 | 0.24 | -1.25 | -0.31 | 0.001** |
| Age in years | -0.01 | 0.06 | -0.13 | 0.11 | 0.892 |
| Non-White ethnic background | -0.15 | 0.34 | -0.83 | 0.52 | 0.658 |
| Personal income (baseline = <£5 k) | |||||
| £5 k-£19 999 | -0.18 | 0.32 | -0.81 | 0.44 | 0.566 |
| £20 k+ | -0.17 | 0.40 | -0.96 | 0.61 | 0.666 |
| Missing | 0.01 | 0.26 | -0.51 | 0.52 | 0.985 |
| Individual has a degree | 0.50 | 0.34 | -0.16 | 1.16 | 0.138 |
| Number of activities in past 12 months (baseline = 0 or 1) | |||||
| 2 or 3 | -1.88 | 0.35 | -2.58 | -1.19 | 0.000** |
| 4 or 5 more | -3.58 | 1.70 | -6.90 | -0.25 | 0.035* |
| 5 or more | -17.50 | 1.39 | -20.23 | -14.77 | 0.000** |
| Constant | 3.26 | 1.19 | 0.94 | 5.58 | 0.006** |
| Log α | 0.84 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 1.33 | 0.001** |
| α | 2.32 | 0.58 | 1.43 | 3.78 | |
*
P < 0.05.
**
P < 0.01.
FOBT = fixed odd betting terminals; PGSI = Problem Gambling Severity Index; SE = Standard Error