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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 18.
Published in final edited form as: Chaos. 2022 Jan 1;32(1):013115. doi: 10.1063/5.0063384

Fig. 1. Graphical illustration of an integrated information analysis in complex systems.

Fig. 1

Integrated information theory (IIT) can be used to analyze a wide range of complex systems from dynamical systems to cellular automata and empirical data (left). Due to the generality of information-theoretic measures, it can be applied to either real- or discrete-valued data. After a suitable statistical model has been estimated, the system is partitioned following Eq. (2), and effective information φ is computed for each partition (middle). Finally, the partition with the “cruelest cut” (more formally, the minimum information partition) is selected, and the final value of integrated information Φ is computed (right).