Table 1. General characteristics of participants without and with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n=743) presented as mean (SD) and proportion (%).
| Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n=625 | n=118 | p-value |
| Age (years) | 36.7 (10.8) | 41.6 (11.4) | 0.001 |
| Sex (F: M %) | 352:273 (56:44) | 87:31 (74:26) | 0.001 |
| Urban residence, n(%) | 116 (19) | 40 (34) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 (3.8) | 27.4 (5.8) | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 76.8 (9.3) | 91.5 (14.2) | 0.001 |
| VAT (cm) | 6.3 (1.31) | 7.7 (2.0) | 0.001 |
| SAT* (cm) | 1.4 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.4) | 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose | |||
| (mmol/L)* | 4.5 (1.4) | 4.9 (1.8) | 0.012 |
| Fasting serum insulin | |||
| (pmol/L) | 27.6 (20.5) | 48.6 (41.5) | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.82 (0.76) | 1.65 (2.7) | 0.001 |
| DM, n (%) | 14 (2.2) | 10 (8.5) | 0.001 |
| IGT, n (%) | 45 (7.2) | 17 (14.4) | 0.010 |
| IFG, n (%) | 6 (1.0) | 5 (4.2) | 0.007 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.9 (0.9) | 4.4 (1.1) | 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.7 (1.0) | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.15 (0.29) | 1.08 (0.28) | 0.015 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.65) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 167 (26.7) | 45 (38.1) | 0.017 |
| ALP (U/L) | 80.4 (31.6) | 84.1 (26.5) | 0.264 |
| ALT (U/L) | 8.7 (5.1) | 8.6 (4.4) | 0.750 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.4 (10.2) | 19.6 (7.79) | 0.107 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 4.7 (3.8) | 6.5 (5.93) | 0.003 |
| GGT (U/L) | 22.5 (19.6) | 27.4 (31.8) | 0.040 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119 (16) | 127 (17) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74 (10) | 78 (11) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 60 (9.6) | 30 (25.4) | 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.7 (2.1) | 13.4 (2.2) | 0.145 |
| Tobacco use, n (%) ** | 76 (12.2) | 2 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol, n (%) *** | 46 (7.4) | 7(5.9) | 0.543 |
Presented as geometric mean (SD)
For most Maasai smoking is sniff and chewing tobacco
Participants with an alcohol-consumption that does not exceed the criteria for NAFLD
Data are presented as means (SD) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
BMI: body mass index; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment was calculated as (fasting plasma insulin X fasting plasma glucose)/22.5; LDLC: low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; Systolic BP: systolic blood pressure; Diastolic BP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; IFG: impaired fasting glycaemia.
Waist circumference: n=741; VAT: n=741; SAT: n=741; Fasting serum insulin: n=722; HOMA-IR: n=722; Total cholesterol: n=711; LDL-C: n=734; HDL-C: n=711; Triglycerides: n=711; Systolic BP: n=731; Haemoglobin: n=699; Smoking: n=706; Alcohol: n=699.