Table 3.
Model 2: Associations between maternal PND (8 weeks), offspring development (7 years), paternal PND (8 months), and dimensions of paternal involvement in the model adjusted for child PGS, gender, antenatal baseline confounders, and paternal PND as an intermediate confounder (n=3,434)
| Mediator: Paternal involvement | Exposure: Maternal PND (8 weeks) | Outcome: Offspring development (7 years) | Intermediate confounder: Paternal PND (8 months) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fully adjusted model estimates a (n=3,434) | ||||||
| B [95% CI] | P-value | B [95% CI] | P-value | B [95% CI] | P-value | |
| Child-focused dimensions of paternal involvement | ||||||
| Paternal parenting confidence | 0.029 [0.004, 0.054] |
0.027 | -0.309 [-0.732, 0.114] |
0.153 | -0.812 [-0.935, -0.689] |
<0.001 |
| Paternal conflictual relationship with child | 0.034 [0.007, 0.061] |
0.016 | -0.546 [-0.998, -0.093] |
0.018 | -0.975 [-1.124, -0.826] |
≤0.001 |
| Paternal enjoyment and warmth | 0.055 [0.031, 0.078] |
≤0.001 | 0.072 [-0.316, 0.460] |
0.718 | -0.784 [-0.884, -0.684] |
≤0.001 |
| Paternal involvement in childcare | 0.029 [0.017, 0.041] |
≤0.001 | 0.099 [-0.110, 0.310] |
0.351 | -0.163 [-0.200, -0.128] |
≤0.001 |
| Paternal beliefs regarding caregiving | 0.004 [-0.010, 0.018] |
0.563 | 0.064 [-0.173, 0.301] |
0.595 | -0.102 [-0.141, -0.063] |
≤0.001 |
| Paternal worries about child | -0.011 [-0.023, 0.001] |
0.073 | -0.168 [-0.034, 0.370] |
0.104 | -0.117 [-0.150, -0.084] |
≤0.001 |
| Maternal postnatal depression (8 weeks) | 0.139 [0.115, 0.162] |
<0.001 | ||||
| Offspring development (7 years) | -0.410 [-0.533, 0.713] |
0.475 | ||||
| Mother-influenced dimensions of paternal involvement | ||||||
| Paternal help with household tasks | 0.009 [-0.001, 0.019] |
0.070 | 0.039 [-0.135, 0.213] |
0.662 | -0.061 [-0.083, -0.039] |
≤0.001 |
| Paternal perception of maternal ‘gatekeeping’ | -0.003 [-0.021, 0.015] |
0.771 | 0.216 [-0.109, 0.541] |
0.192 | -0.366 [-0.427, -0.305] |
≤0.001 |
| Paternal beliefs regarding mother-father relationship | 0.007 [-0.013, 0.027] |
0.508 | 0.295 [-0.056, 0.646] |
0.100 | -0.416 [-0.494, -0.338] |
≤0.001 |
| Paternal beliefs regarding employment and parenthood | -0.010 [-0.019, -0.001] |
0.047 | -0.097 [-0.281, 0.087] |
0.300 | -0.169 [-0.194, -0.143] |
≤0.001 |
| Maternal postnatal depression (8 weeks) | 0.139 [0.115, 0.162] |
<0.001 | ||||
| Offspring development (7 years) | 0.337 [0.055, 0.619] |
0.019 | ||||
a
Effect size are regression coefficients (fi unstandardised) in the fully adjusted models: adjusted for child PGS, gender and antenatal baseline confounders (financial problems, homeownership status, maternal age and education, parental conflict, marital status). Maternal PND: maternal postnatal depression; paternal PND: paternal postnatal depression; Child PGS: child polygenic score for neuroticism.