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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 14.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Immunol. 2023 Jan 11;41:99–125. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-033341

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Generation of aberrant protein products by transcriptional utilization of EREs. A hypothetical example of a protein-coding gene consisting of three exons with EREs integrated within and around the gene body (top) and potential alternative splicing isoforms of transcribed RNA (bottom). Isoform 1 represents the canonical mRNA and translated protein. Isoform 2 uses an LTR element as an alternative promoter, skipping the first canonical exon and shifting the translation frame. Isoform 3 uses an alternative splice donor site in an intronic SINE element instead of the canonical site at the end of exon 2, shifting the remaining translation. Isoform 4 uses a LINE-1 fragment as alternative terminal exon, replacing the C-terminal sequence of the translation product. Abbreviations: ERE, endogenous retroelement; LINE-1, long interspersed nuclear elements 1; LTR, long terminal repeat; SINE, short interspersed nuclear element.