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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2020 Oct 14;26(12):1919–1928. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1112-0

Extended Data Table 4. Selected population, policy and health systems characteristics of the 21 countries included in the analysis.

Country Percent increase in deaths Percent of populations over age 65 (2019) Percent Covid-19 cases on lockdown date1 Reported Covid-19 deaths on lockdown date1 Number of hospital beds per 1,000 populations (2015 or latest)2 Number of critical care beds per 1,000 populations (2017 or latest)3 Number of beds in nursing and residential care facilities per 1,000 populations (2014 or latest)4 Number of doctors per 1,000 populations (2019 or latest)5 Age standardised prevalence of diabetes (percent, average of male and female values, 2014)6 Age standardised prevalence of obesity (percent, average of male and female values, 2016)6 Age standardised prevalence of raised blood pressure (percent, average of male and female values, 2015)6 Percent of population in urban areas (2016)7 Percent of all-cause deaths due to injuries (2016)8 Life expectancy at bith (years) (2018)9 Change in life expectancy at birth between 2010 and 2018 (years)9 Health expenditure as percentage of GDP (2017)10 GINI index (2014 or latest)11 Poverty rate (relative threshold) (2014 or latest)11
Spain 38 19.4 11,491 288 3.0 9.7 7.6 4.0 7.1 24.6 19.1 79.6 3.47 83.4 1.8 8.9 0.35 15.9
England and Wales* 37 18.4 10,312 364 2.7 6.6 8.5 3.0 5.8 28.8 15.2 82.6 3.48 81.3 0.9 9.6 0.36 10.4
Italy 28 22.9 5,883 233 3.3 12.5 3.8 4.0 5.8 20.7 21.2 69.6 3.76 83.3 1.3 8.8 0.33 13.3
Scotland* 28 19.0 10,312 364 2.7 6.6 8.5 3.0 5.8 28.8 15.2 82.6 3.48 81.3 0.9 9.6 0.36 10.4
Belgium 27 18.9 2,566 42 6.2 15.9 12.3 3.1 4.6 22.9 17.5 97.9 6.39 81.6 1.4 10.3 0.27 10.0
Sweden 22 19.9 No lockdown No lockdown 2.5 5.8 13.3 4.3 4.9 21.4 19.3 86.6 4.92 82.6 1.1 11.0 0.28 8.8
Nethrlands 19 19.2 4,204 179 4.7 6.4 10.6 3.3 4.4 21.2 18.7 90.2 5.20 81.8 1.1 10.1 0.28 8.4
France 13 20.1 6,633 148 6.4 11.6 9.9 3.4 5.9 22.4 22.1 79.7 6.36 82.7 1.1 11.3 0.29 8.0
Portugal 9 21.8 1,280 12 3.3 4.2 No data No data 6.9 21.6 24.4 63.5 4.17 81.3 2.3 9.0 0.34 13.6
Switzerland 7 18.5 3,863 33 4.6 11.0 11.7 4.3 4.1 20.3 18.0 73.7 6.08 83.8 1.5 12.3 0.30 8.6
Austria 4 18.8 860 1 7.6 21.8 7.8 5.2 4.3 20.9 21.0 57.7 5.19 81.7 1.1 10.4 0.28 9.0
Denmark 3 19.6 1,024 4 2.5 6.7 8.2 4.2 4.3 20.4 20.6 87.5 3.77 81.0 1.9 10.1 0.25 5.4
Finland 3 21.8 267 0 4.5 6.1 11.3 3.2 5.4 23.1 19.3 85.2 5.52 81.7 1.9 9.2 0.26 6.8
Norway 2 17.3 489 0 3.8 8.0 8.3 4.9 5.1 24.0 19.6 81.1 5.63 82.8 1.8 10.4 0.25 7.8
Poland 0 17.7 749 8 6.5 6.9 2.6 2.4 7.7 23.9 28.8 60.3 4.71 77.6 1.4 6.5 0.30 10.5
Hungary -1 19.3 39 1 7.0 13.8 8.4 3.4 7.8 27.4 30.0 70.5 4.40 76.1 1.9 6.9 0.29 10.1
Czechia -2 19.6 298 0 6.4 11.6 6.9 4.0 7.5 26.9 27.8 73.5 4.73 79.0 1.6 7.2 0.26 6.0
Australia -2 15.8 3,809 14 3.8 No data No data 3.8 5.9 30.0 15.2 85.7 5.92 82.7 1.1 9.2 0.34 12.8
Slovakia -2 16.1 61 0 5.8 9.2 7.2 3.5 7.2 21.3 28.6 53.9 5.96 77.3 2.2 6.7 No data No data
New Zealand -3 15.82 189 0 2.7 No data No data 3.4 6.9 31.8 16.3 86.3 5.99 81.6 1.2 9.2 0.33 9.9
Bulgaria -4 21.3 23 1 7.2 12.2 0.4 No data 7.7 25.8 28.3 74.0 2.56 75.0 1.5 8.1 No data No data
*

England and Wales and Scotland assigned UK numbers

2

WHO European Health Information Gateway (https://gateway.euro.who.lnt/en/lndlcators/hfa_476-5050-hospital-beds-per-100-000/) for European countries and OECD (https://stats.oecd.org/lndex.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALH_REAC) for Australia, New Zealand