Photografting and analysis of geometries with different feature sizes and degrees of complexity. A) 3D image reconstructions of i) a mathematically derived gyroid, ii) a spiral, iii) interlocked chain model, iv) research lab name spelled vertically, v) a random interconnected vascular structure grafted with Cy3–PEG–SH onto cylindrical gelNOR volumetric prints, and vi) double dye grafting with Cy3–PEG–SH (spiral, blue) and Cy5–PEG–SH (disks, green) onto cylindrical gelNOR volumetric prints. B) Grafting specificity of complex grafting structures (n = 3 samples), and C) grafting intensity of complex grafting structures (n = 3 samples). D) i) STL file of an Atlas statue (green; CC BY-SA 3.0) volumetrically printed with gelNOR and a photografted Cy3–PEG–SH spiral (red). ii) Light-sheet 3D reconstruction of the printed gelNOR model (green) and the photografted spiral (red). E) i) STL file of a mathematically derived gyroid structure volumetrically printed with gelNOR (green) and a photografted Cy3–PEG–SH spiral (red). ii) Light-sheet 3D reconstruction of the printed gelNOR model (green) and the photografted spiral (red). Scale bars = 2 mm.