Table 1. Six strategies for reducing the damaging effects of climate scepticism.

Strategy	Description
Appealing to sceptics through value-based frames	In many nations, climate scepticism is particularly strong among conservatives. For this subset of the population, climate change messages will be more effective if they are framed in ways that are congenial to conservative values (e.g., as reinforcing energy security, as a way of maintaining a way of life, as an expression of individual responsibility).
Appealing to sceptics through co-benefits	Given that they dispute humans are causing climate change, sceptics may not be influenced by traditional messages that focus on the importance of action to save the environment. However, they may be influenced by arguments that focus on the co-benefits of action in terms of promoting green jobs, stimulating technological innovation, or maintaining public health.
Leveraging climate-friendly actors within the conservative movement	Conservatives are more likely to be persuaded about the reality and urgency of climate change if those messages are presented by respected figures within the conservative movement.
Establishing norms	People are more likely to act in a certain way if they perceive – or are told – that valued others are acting in that way. Because they appeal to our social nature, norms-based interventions can have positive effects independent of political persuasion.
Consensus messaging	97% of climate scientists agree that climate change is happening and is largely caused by humans. Successfully communicating that consensus message has positive downstream influences on climate-friendly attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours.
Embedding climate-friendly actions in social practice	Positive action is more likely if those actions are embedded in a network of social practices, so that it becomes part of the flow of one’s day and part of one’s social life.