Table 4. Identity Confusion & Self-Acceptance Treatment Strategies.

Task	Suggested DBT skills or principles
Increase identity awareness and exploration	Mindfulness What and How Skills (CM)
	Dialectical Thinking (WMP)
	Wise Mind Values (ER)
	Accumulating Positive Experiences (ER)
Reduce distress related to identity confusion	Self-soothe (DT)
	Self-Validation (WMP)
	Recovering from Invalidation (WMP)
	Reality Acceptance (DT)
	Mindfulness of Thoughts (DT)
Reduce identity-related shame	Model of Emotions (ER)
	Check the Facts (ER)
	Opposite Action (ER)
Increasing self-acceptance	Mindfulness What and How Skills (CM)
	Non-Judgemental Awareness (CM)
	States of Mind (CM)
	Exposure (O)
	Reality Acceptance (DT)
	Loving Kindness (CM)
Build self-confidence and selfexpression	Self-Encouragement (DT)
	Participate (CM)
	Opposite Action (ER)
	Objective Effectiveness (DEARMAN; IE)
	Self-Respect Effectiveness (FAST; IE)
Reduce impact of relevant traumatic events (including traumatic invalidation)
	Self-Validation (WMP)
	Exposure (O)
	Nightmare Protocol (ER)
	DBT-PE protocol or similar

Note. Tasks and suggestions informed by participant feedback and previous research (Cohen et al., 2021; Skerven et al., 2019). Tasks and skills/principles are not in any particular order. Skillset indicators: CM = Core Mindfulness; WMP = Walking the Middle path; ER = Emotion Regulation; DT = Distress Tolerance.; IE = Interpersonal Effectiveness; O = treatment strategies/principles outside of the DBT behavioural skills principle. DBT-PE = DBT Prolonged Exposure Therapy (Harned, 2022).