Figure 1. Preparation of bacterial ghost cells.

(a) Metabolic activity of Staphylococcus. aureus was measured after an overnight culture under various pH conditions, relative to the neutral pH. The graph illustrates the changes in metabolic activity of S. aureus at different pH levels, providing insights into the effect of pH on cellular viability and activity during the preparation process of bacterial ghosts. (b) Culture-streaked agar plates depict the revival or non-revival of the S. aureus culture after 24 h incubation at pH values ranging from 7 to 12. The images visually demonstrate the ability or inability of the bacterial culture to grow on agar plates after they are subjected to the different pH conditions, indicating the influence of pH in generating ghost cells.