Table 3. Complications and treatment.
| Parameter (n) | Total cohort (N = 43) | Primary difficult cannulation (N1 = 26) | Secondary difficult cannulation (N2 = 17) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complications (n/N, %) | ||||
| Pain | 16/43 (37.2) | 12/26 (46.2) | 4/17 (23.5) | 0.133 |
| Hematoma | 36/43 (83.7) | 20/26 (76.9) | 16/17 (94.1) | 0.215 |
| Edema | 14/43 (32.6) | 12/26 (46.2) | 2/17 (11.8) | 0.019 |
| Pseudoaneurysm | 1/43 (2.3) | 1/26 (3.8) | 0 | 0.413 |
| Fistula thrombosis | 12/43 (27.9) | 6/26 (23.1) | 6/17 (35.3) | 0.492 |
| Fistula failure | 7/43 (16.3) | 5/26 (19.2) | 2/17 (11.8) | 0.685 |
| Treatment Modality (n/N, %) (not mutually exclusive) | ||||
| Bridging catheter | 29/43 (67.4) | 21/26 (80.8) | 8/17 (47.1) | 0.210 |
| USG guided cannulation | 5/43 (11.6) | 4/26 (15.4) | 1/17(5.9) | 0.633 |
| Change of cannulation site | 10/43 (23.3) | 2/26 (7.7) | 8/17 (47.1) | 0.007 |
| Closure of AVF | 3/43 (7) | 3/26 (11.5) | 0 | 0.226 |
| New AVF creation | 3/43 (7) | 3/26 (11.5) | 0 | 0.226 |
| Surgical intervention* | 3/43 (7) | 2/26 (7.7) | 1/17 (5.9) | 0.820 |
| Thrombolysis/angioplasty | 11/43 (25.6) | 5/26 (19.2) | 6/17 (35.3) | 0.080 |
| Accessory vein ligation | 4/43 (15.4) | 4/26 (15.4) | 0 | 0.038 |
| Change of RRT modality | 3/43 (7) | 3/26 (11.5) | 0 | 0.511 |
| Shifted to peritoneal dialysis | 1/43 (2.3) | 1/26 (3.8) | 0 | |
| Underwent renal transplantation | 2/43 (4.6) | 2/26 (7.7) | 0 | |
AVF: arterio-venous fistula; RRT: renal replacement therapy; USG: ultrasound.
*
Accessory vein ligation not included.