Table 3. DSEM analyses with Parenting and Adolescent Psychological Functioning (APF).
| Models with parental psychological control (PPC) | |||||||||
| (1) Self-esteem | (2) Depressive symptoms | (3) Anxiety symptoms | |||||||
| Fixed lagged effects (within-family average) | Est. | Est. St. | 95% CI | Est. | Est. St. | 95% CI | Est. | Est. St. | 95% CI |
| PPC → PPC | 0.37 | .36* | [.30, .44] | 0.32 | .31* | [.25, .38] | - | - | - |
| APF → APF | 0.41 | .40* | [.35, .46] | 0.49 | .48* | [.43, .54] | - | - | - |
| PPC → APF (H1a-b) | -0.15 | -.13* | [-.22, -.07] | 0.04 | .05* | [.01, .08] | - | - | - |
| APF → PPC | -0.10 | -.12* | [-.14, -.06] | 0.06 | .06 | [-.00, .12] | - | - | - |
| Random effects (between-family variance) | σ2 | SD/Est | 95% CI | σ2 | SD/Est | 95% CI | σ2 | SD/Est | 95% CI |
| PPC → PPC | .10 | 0.85 | [.07, .14] | .07 | 0.83 | [.05, .10] | - | - | - |
| APF → APF | .09 | 0.73 | [.07, .12] | .08 | 0.58 | [.06, .10] | - | - | - |
| PPC → APF (H2) | .07 | 1.76 | [.03, .14] | .02 | 3.54 | [.00, .03] | - | - | - |
| APF → PPC | .05 | 2.24 | [.03, .07] | .12 | 5.77 | [.08, .16] | - | - | - |
| Models with parental support (PS) | |||||||||
| (4) Self-esteem | (5) Depressive symptoms | (6) Anxiety symptoms | |||||||
| Fixed lagged effects (within-family average) | Est. | Est. St. | 95% CI | Est. | Est. St. | 95% CI | Est. | Est. St. | 95% CI |
| PS → PS | 0.27 | .27* | [.21, .34] | 0.29 | .28* | [.23, .35] | 0.29 | .28* | [.23, .35] |
| APF → APF | 0.39 | .38* | [.33, .44] | 0.49 | .48* | [.43, .54] | 0.50 | .49* | [.44, .55] |
| PS → APF (H1c-d) | 0.06 | .04 | [-.04, .16] | 0.02 | .01 | [-.04, .00] | -0.06 | -.06* | [-.11, -.01] |
| APF → PS | 0.06 | .09* | [.03, .09] | -0.04 | -.05 | [-.08, .07] | -0.07 | -.07* | [-.13, -.01] |
| Random effects (between-family variance) | σ2 | SD/Est | 95% CI | σ2 | SD/Est | 95% CI | σ2 | SD/Est | 95% CI |
| PS → PS | .08 | 1.05 | [.05, .11] | .08 | 0.98 | [.05, .11] | .08 | 0.98 | [.06, .12] |
| APF → APF | .09 | 0.77 | [.06, .12] | .07 | 0.54 | [.05, .10] | .07 | 0.53 | [.05, .09] |
| PS → APF (H2) | .12 | 5.77 | [.07, .20] | .06 | 12.25 | [.03, .09] | .05 | 3.73 | [.03, .08] |
| APF → PS | .03 | 2.89 | [.02, .04] | .05 | 5.59 | [.03, .07] | .08 | 4.04 | [.05, .12] |
Note. Parameters whose 95% credible interval does not contain zero are shown with an asterisk. Model with parental psychological control and adolescent anxiety symptoms did not converge. PPC = parental psychological control. PS = parental support. APF = adolescent psychological functioning. Est = unstandardized estimate. Est. St. = standardized estimate (i.e., STDYX standardization). P = one-sided p-value. 95% CI = Bayesian Credible Intervals. SD = standard deviation. SD/Est. = standard deviation fixed effect ratio, to inspect whether variance is meaningful, with a criterium of ≥ 0.25 (Bolger et al., 2019). Not all parameter estimates are reported here and for full output see (https://osf.io/8egxf).