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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 2.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Microbiol. 2024 Jul 27;206(8):361. doi: 10.1007/s00203-024-04089-y

Graphical Abstract.

Graphical Abstract

The present study devised a rapid Lugol’s iodine-based protocol to obtain structurally intact bacterial ghost cells (GCs), which effectively induced pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization, upregulating M1 markers and cytokines, while downregulating IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. This suggested a promising therapeutic strategy for combatting bacterial infections via modulating macrophage immune responses