Table 1. Characteristics of participants at baseline by serum uric acid concentration at randomisation.
| Serum uric acid at randomisation, μmol/L* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <380 N=1753 |
≥380 <470 N=1691 |
≥470 N=1724 |
Missing† N=1441 |
|
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||
| Age at randomisation (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 67.6 (12.0) | 66.1 (12.9) | 63.8 (14.2) | 56.7 (14.0) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1160 (66.2) | 1124 (66.5) | 1175 (68.2) | 958 (66.5) |
| Female | 593 (33.8) | 567 (33.5) | 549 (31.8) | 483 (33.5) |
| Race (all regions) | ||||
| White | 1225 (69.9) | 1154 (68.2) | 1187 (68.9) | 293 (20.3) |
| Black | 66 (3.8) | 85 (5.0) | 88 (5.1) | 23 (1.6) |
| Asian | 437 (24.9) | 423 (25.0) | 421 (24.4) | 1112 (77.2) |
| Mixed | 4 (0.2) | 7 (0.4) | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) |
| Other | 21 (1.2) | 22 (1.3) | 22 (1.3) | 9 (0.6) |
| PRIOR DISEASE | ||||
| Prior diabetes‡ | 867 (49.5) | 836 (49.4) | 850 (49.3) | 487 (33.8) |
| History of cardiovascular disease§ | 519 (29.6) | 455 (26.9) | 547 (31.7) | 244 (16.9) |
| History of heart failure | 181 (10.3) | 173 (10.2) | 241 (14.0) | 63 (4.4) |
| History of gout | 568 (32.4) | 416 (24.6) | 456 (26.5) | 267 (18.5) |
| CAUSE OF KIDNEY DISEASE | ||||
| Diabetic kidney disease | 568 (32.4) | 556 (32.9) | 588 (34.1) | 345 (23.9) |
| Hypertension/renovascular | 393 (22.4) | 383 (22.6) | 430 (24.9) | 239 (16.6) |
| Glomerular | 343 (19.6) | 345 (20.4) | 351 (20.4) | 630 (43.7) |
| Other/unknown | 449 (25.6) | 407 (24.1) | 355 (20.6) | 227 (15.8) |
| CLINICAL MEASUREMENTS | ||||
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Mean systolic (SD) | 135.4 (18.2) | 136.6 (18.0) | 136.6 (18.2) | 137.7 (18.6) |
| Mean diastolic (SD) | 76.6 (11.3) | 77.6 (11.4) | 76.8 (12.2) | 81.9 (11.6) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 29.7 (6.5) | 30.2 (6.8) | 31.9 (7.1) | 26.7 (5.4) |
| LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS | ||||
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.8 (14.7) | 36.4 (12.9) | 33.4 (11.6) | 41.3 (17.3) |
| <30 | 507 (28.9) | 599 (35.4) | 774 (44.9) | 402 (27.9) |
| ≥30 <45 | 812 (46.3) | 778 (46.0) | 741 (43.0) | 597 (41.4) |
| ≥45 | 434 (24.8) | 314 (18.6) | 209 (12.1) | 442 (30.7) |
| Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g) | ||||
| Geometric mean (95% CI) | 186 (169-204) | 189 (171-208) | 179 (163-197) | 434 (398-474) |
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 261 (35-987) | 273 (35-992) | 257 (34-944) | 572 (201-1383) |
| <30 | 407 (23.2) | 386 (22.8) | 401 (23.3) | 134 (9.3) |
| ≥30 ≤300 | 526 (30.0) | 482 (28.5) | 511 (29.6) | 345 (23.9) |
| >300 | 820 (46.8) | 823 (48.7) | 812 (47.1) | 962 (66.8) |
| NT-proBNP (ng/L) | ||||
| Geometric mean (95% CI) | 184 (173-196) | 186 (174-198) | 210 (196-225) | 105 (98-113) |
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 170 (75-443) | 175 (76-427) | 195 (80-533) | 107 (49-244) |
| CONCOMITANT MEDICATION USE | ||||
| RAS inhibitor | 1441 (82.2) | 1445 (85.5) | 1504 (87.2) | 1238 (85.9) |
| Any diuretic therapy | 711 (40.6) | 741 (43.8) | 1057 (61.3) | 306 (21.2) |
| Loop diuretic | 454 (25.9) | 457 (27.0) | 684 (39.7) | 152 (10.5) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 275 (15.7) | 296 (17.5) | 410 (23.8) | 141 (9.8) |
| Lipid-lowering therapy | 1260 (71.9) | 1224 (72.4) | 1273 (73.8) | 621 (43.1) |
| Any uric acid lowering/gout therapy |
974 (55.6) | 552 (32.6) | 279 (16.2) | 545 (37.8) |
| Xanthine oxidase inhibitor‖ | 968 (55.2) | 543 (32.1) | 257 (14.9) | 447 (31.0) |
| Primary uricosuric agent¶ | 10 (0.6) | 5 (0.3) | 5 (0.3) | 98 (6.8) |
| Colchicine | 39 (2.2) | 30 (1.8) | 37 (2.1) | 5 (0.3) |
| SMOKING & ALCOHOL | ||||
| Ever smoked tobacco regularly# | 859 (49.0) | 805 (47.6) | 821 (47.6) | 464 (32.2) |
| Ever drunk alcohol regularlyΔ | 834 (47.6) | 795 (47.0) | 729 (42.3) | 316 (21.9) |
|
5-YEAR RISK OF KIDNEY FAILURE (KFRE, %), median (Q1-Q3) |
6.6 (2.3-21.0) | 8.4 (2.8-27.4) | 12.8 (4.8-37.3) | 10.8 (2.6-31.6) |
Figures are n (%) or mean (SD) or median (Q1-Q3).
To convert uric acid to mg/dL, divide by 59.48 (380 μmol/L ≈ 6.4 mg/dL; 470 μmol/L ≈ 7.9 mg/dL).
Reasons for missing uric acid: analyses were not conducted in participants from China (n=986) and long-term sample storage for biochemical analysis required additional optional consent.
Defined as participant-reported history of diabetes of any type, use of glucose-lowering medication or baseline HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol at randomisation visit.
Defined as participant-reported history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, or peripheral arterial disease.
Allopurinol, febuxostat or topiroxostat.
Benzbromarone or probenecid.
Defined as for most days for at least 1 year.
Defined as at least 1 day a week for at least 1 year. Abbreviations: GFR = glomerular filtration rate; ACR = albumin-to-creatinine ratio; RAS = renin-angiotensin system.