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. 2023 Jun 23;2:1111299. doi: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1111299

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© 2023 Skinner, Costantini, Stone, Darios, Gray, Culpin and Pearson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Old WCs (top left), and new WCs (bottom left). Micro-coding showing amount of time the observed face is not in view (highlighted with red arrows) for old WCs (top right) and new WCs (bottom right). Note micro-codings are examples for those devices and not for the infants shown.