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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Cities Health. 2020 Sep 10;5(3):298–319. doi: 10.1080/23748834.2020.1800161

Table 2. Typical properties of each settlement type.

Type: Planned dwellings Urban/rural villages Unauthorised colonies JJ Clusters Ref
% 24 11 18 47 (Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi 2008)
Description:
  • -

    Planned housing built by private agencies or the DDA

  • -

    Often high rise

  • -

    Legal tenure & planned services
  • -

    Evolved organically over time, with legal tenure

  • -

    Services introduced as and when without prior planning

  • -

    3 to 4 storey houses in close and narrow streets
  • -

    Built on illegal land however settlements are becoming regularised with legal tenure

  • -

    Infrastructure is introduced on as and when basis

  • -

    Little information on housing style
  • −

    1 to 2 storey buildings, with small ground floor areas (20 m2

  • -

    Self-built and undergo incremental growth

  • -

    Often only one façade exposed

  • -

    No legal tenure, apart from in the case of JJ Resettlement colonies

 (Sivam 2003, Ishtiyaq and Kumar 2011, UN Habitat, Kumar Soni 2011, Ahmad and Choi 2011, Mitchell 2010)
Rooms 1 x living room
2 x bedrooms
1 x kitchen
1 x bathroom		 1 x living room
1 x bedroom
1 x kitchen
1 x bathroom		 x living room
x bedroom
1 x kitchen
1 x bathroom		 2 x multi-purpose rooms (Government of India 2011, Kumar Soni 2011, Mitchell 2010, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi 2009)
Housing materials
  • -

    Wall: Plaster & Burnt Brick

  • -

    Roof: Brick + Reinforced Cement Concrete
  • -

    As planned housing however indications suggest thicker roofs
  • -

    Little information but assumed to be as planned housing

 Varied: from temporary building materials to brick and cement construction (Government of India 2011, N. S. S. O.-M. of S. & P. 1. Government of India 2010a, Kumar and Suman 2013, Ramesh et al. 2010, TERI and Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics)
Income distributions
  • -

    High/Mid-income groups
  • -

    Mid/Low-income groups
  • -

    Mid-income groups
  • -

    Low-income groups

 (Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi 2008)
Cooking fuel and separate kitchen
  • -

    LPG

  • -

    Separate kitchen
  • -

    LPG

  • -

    Separate kitchen
  • -

    LPG

  • -

    Separate kitchen
  • -

    LPG

  • -

    No separate kitchen

 (Government of India 2011)
Electrical appliances
  • -

    TV

  • -

    Fridge

  • -

    Lighting
  • -

    TV

  • -

    Fridge

  • -

    Lighting
  • -

    TV

  • -

    Fridge

  • -

    Lighting
  • -

    TV

  • -

    Fridge

  • -

    Lighting

 (N. S. S. O.-M. of S. & P. 1. Government of India 2010a, TERI 2007, N. S. S. O.-M. of S. & P. 1. Government of India 2010b)
Ventilation and cooling systems
Infrastructure and
services
  • -

    AC & fans

  • -

    Windows with cross ventilation likely
  • -

    Fans & air coolers

  • -

    Poor levels of ventilation
  • -

    Fans & air coolers

  • -

    Windows with cross ventilation likely
  • -

    Fans

  • -

    Poor levels of ventilation (no or small windows)

 (TERI 2007, N. S. S. O.-M. of S. & P. 1. Government of India 2010b)
Infrastructure and services Piped water, toilets and sewage systems Water tanks, toilets, containment tanks. Water tanks, toilets, containment tanks Water by tanker, no sanitation.
Problems reported:
  • -

    High temperatures in top-floor flats
  • -

    Overcrowding, congestion, and structural dilapidation

  • -

    Studies suggest reliance on artificial lighting and extremely poor levels of ventilation

 No data available
  • -

    No available or low-quality infrastructure and facilities

  • -

    Overcrowding, poor ventilation and tightly cramped housing

 [Ishtiyaq and Kumar, 2011; Kumar Soni 2011;
Mitchell, 2010; Nix E, et al., 2014]