Table 2. Time intervals between key events and cardiac arrest treatment.
| TIME INTERVALS | Intraosseous (IO) route (N=3040) |
Intravenous (IV) route (N=3042) |
Total (N=6082) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time from emergency call to arrival at scene | ||||
| No. of patients in analysis | 3026 | 3031 | 6057 | |
| Median (IQR) – min † | 8.0 (5.0, 12.0) | 8.0 (5.0, 12.0) | 8.0 (5.0, 12.0) |
|
| Time from arrival at scene to gain vascular access | ||||
| No. of patients in analysis | 2870 | 2857 | 5727 | |
| Median (IQR) – min † | 12.0 (9.0, 16.0) | 12.0 (9.0, 17.0) |
12.0 (9.0, 17.0) |
|
| Time from arrival at scene to drug administration | ||||
| No. of patients in analysis | 2847 | 2811 | 5658 | |
| Median (IQR) – min † | 14.0 (11.0, 19.0) | 15.0 (11.0, 20.0) |
14.0 (11.0, 19.0) |
|
| Time from emergency call to gain vascular access | ||||
| No. of patients in analysis | 2874 | 2867 | 5741 | |
| Median (IQR) – min † | 21.0 (17.0, 27.0) | 22.0 (17.0, 28.0) |
21.0 (17.0, 27.0) |
|
| Time from emergency call to drug administration | ||||
| No. of patients in analysis | 2857 | 2826 | 5683 | |
| Median (IQR) – min † | 24.0 (19.0, 30.0) | 24.0 (20.0, 31.0) |
24.0 (19.0, 30.0) |
|
| Time from arrival at scene to EMS transport | ||||
| No. of patients in analysis | 992 | 1107 | 2099 | |
| Median (IQR) – min † | 56.0 (42.0, 71.5) | 55.0 (43.0, 70.0) |
55.0 (42.0, 71.0) |
|
| Time from emergency call to hospital arrival | ||||
| No. of patients in analysis | 1009 | 1121 | 2130 | |
| Median (IQR) – min † | 78.0 (62.0, 99.0) | 78.0 (64.0, 97.0) |
78.0 (63.0, 98.0) |
|
| Site of first successful vascular access | ||||
| Intraosseous access – no (%)* | 2871 (94.4%) | 992 (32.6%) | 3863 (63.5%) | |
| Proximal humerus | 519 (17.1%) | 160 (5.3%) | 679 (11.2%) | |
| Proximal tibial | 2233 (73.5%) | 780 (25.6%) | 3013 (49.5%) | |
| Other | 119 (3.9%) | 52 (1.7%) | 171 (2.8%) | |
| Intravenous access – no (%)* | 107 (3.5%) | 1964 (64.6%) | 2071 (34.1%) | |
| Central | 3 (0.1%) | 41 (1.3%) | 44 (0.7%) | |
| Peripheral | 99 (3.3%) | 1857 (61.0%) | 1956 (32.2%) | |
| Other | 5 (0.2%) | 66 (2.2%) | 71 (1.2%) | |
| Epinephrine | ||||
| Administered- – no. (%) | 2866 (94.3%) | 2836 (93.2%) | 5702 (93.8%) | |
| Dose (mg)- median (IQR) | 5.0 (3.1, 8.0) | 5.0 (3.0, 8.0) | 5.0 (3.0, 8.0) | |
| Amiodarone administered– no. (%) | 480 (15.8%) | 524 (17.2%) | 1004 (16.5%) | |
| Number of defibrillator shocks- median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0, 6.0) | 3.0 (1.0, 6.0) | 3.0 (1.0, 6.0) | |
| Supraglottic airway – no. (%) | ||||
| Yes | 2765 (91.0%) | 2747 (90.3%) | 5512 (90.6%) | |
| No | 220 (7.2%) | 237 (7.8%) | 457 (7.5%) | |
| Tracheal tube – no. (%) | ||||
| Yes | 648 (21.3%) | 613 (20.2%) | 1261 (20.7%) | |
| No | 2318 (76.3%) | 2364 (77.7%) | 4682 (77.0%) | |
| Transported to hospital – no. (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1024 (33.7%) | 1136 (37.3%) | 2160 (35.5%) | |
| No | 2016 (66.3%) | 1906 (62.7%) | 3922 (64.5%) | |
†
Among cardiac arrests that were witnessed by paramedics, the interval between the emergency call and the cardiac arrest event was taken as 0 minutes.
*
Of the 107 patients in the intraosseous group that received intravenous access as their first successful vascular access, 88 were categorized as a crossover. Of the 992 patients in the intravenous group that received intraosseous access as their first successful vascular access, 369 were categorized as a crossover. Crossover is defined as the use of the non-randomized drug route prior to two unsuccessful attempts at the randomized route.