. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 5.

Published in final edited form as: J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2020 Aug 5;12(3):474–483. doi: 10.1017/S2040174420000707

Table 2. Associations of birthweight and 21 year BMI with diabetes risk markers (Fewtrell-Lucas-Cole model).

Adult outcomes	Model 1 Birth weight		Model 2 21year BMI		Model 3 Birth weight and 21year BMI together				Model 4 Interaction model Birth weight (BW), 21year BMI and the interaction (BW X 21year BMI) – data shown only for the interaction term
Adult outcomes	Model 1 Birth weight		Model 2 21year BMI		Birth weight		21 year BMI
	β (99% CI)	P	β (99% CI)	P	β (99% CI)	P	β (99% CI)	P	β (99% CI)	P
Waist circumference	0.15 (0.01, 0.29)	0.01	0.92 (0.88, 0.97)	<0.001	0.05 (0.01, 0.09)	0.02	0.92 (0.88, 0.99)	<0.001	-0.006 (-0.06, 0.04)	0.86
Hip circumference	0.22 (0.08, 0.35)	<0.001	0.92 (0.85, 0.97)	<0.001	0.12 (0.08, 0.17)	<0.001	0.90 (0.86, 0.94)	<0.001	0.01 (-0.04, 0.06)	0.17
Waist-hip ratio	-0.01 (-0.12, 0.11)	0.91	0.48 (0.38, 0.57)	<0.001	-0.06 (-0.15, 0.03)	0.15	0.49 (0.39, 0.58)	<0.001	-0.03 (-0.12, 0.06)	0.55
Fat mass(DXA)	0.13 (-0.01, 0.27)	0.03	0.94 (0.88, 0.98)	<0.001	0.03 (-0.02, 0.08)	0.09	0.93 (0.88, 0.98)	<0.001	0.02 (-0.03, 0.07)	0.07
Lean Mass(DXA)	0.35 (0.22, 0.48)	<0.001	0.54 (0.42, 0.65)	<0.001	0.30 (0.18, 0.41)	<0.001	0.51 (0.40, 0.62)	<0.001	0.006 (-0.10, 0.11)	0.073
% body fat(DXA)	0.04 (-0.07, 0.15)	0.41	0.71 (0.65, 0.77)	<0.001	-0.03 (-0.09, 0.02)	0.21	0.71 (0.65, 0.77)	<0.001	-0.02 (-0.07, 0.04)	0.28
Fasting glucose	-0.02 (-0.12, 0.08)	0.53	0.15 (0.05, 0.25)	0.002	-0.04 (-0.13, 0.06)	0.35	0.15 (0.05, 0.25)	0.002	-0.05 (-0.14, 0.04)	0.97
30 min glucose	-0.08 (-0.22, 0.05)	0.14	0.14 (0.00, 0.27)	0.01	-0.10 (-0.23, 0.04)	0.08	0.15 (0.01, 0.28)	0.006	-0.03 (-0.16, 0.10)	0.74
120 min glucose	-0.12 (-0.26, 0.01)	0.02	0.31 (0.17, 0.44)	<0.001	-0.16 (-0.29, -0.02)	0.002	0.33 (0.19, 0.45)	<0.001	-0.02 (-0.15, 0.10)	0.51
Fasting insulin	-0.02 (-0.16, 0.11)	0.43	0.37 (0.24, 0.50)	<0.001	-0.06 (-0.19, 0.06)	0.18	0.38 (0.24, 0.50)	<0.001	0.07 (-0.05, 0.20)	0.96
30 min insulin	-0.08 (-0.22, 0.05)	0.41	0.20 (0.06, 0.33)	0.01	-0.11 (-0.24, 0.03)	0.28	0.21 (0.07, 0.34)	0.008	0.04 (-0.09, 0.18)	0.32
120 min insulin	-0.18 (-0.31, -0.04)	0.03	0.30 (0.16, 0.42)	<0.001	-0.21 (-0.34, -0.08)	0.006	0.32 (0.18, 0.44)	<0.001	0.07 (-0.06, 0.19)	0.88
HOMA-IR	-0.02 (-0.15, 0.12)	0.54	0.37 (0.23, 0.49)	<0.001	-0.06 (-0.18, 0.07)	0.20	0.37 (0.24, 0.50)	<0.001	0.06 (-0.03, 0.16)	0.27
HOMA-β	-0.01 (-0.15, 0.12)	0.54	0.32 (0.19, 0.45)	<0.001	-0.05 (-0.18, 0.08)	0.20	0.33 (0.19, 0.46)	<0.001	0.10 (-0.02, 0.23)	0.27
Matsuda index	0.13 (-0.01, 0.27)	0.03	-0.40 (-0.53, -0.28)	<0.001	0.18 (0.05, 0.30)	<0.001	-0.42 (-0.55, -0.30)	<0.001	-0.06 (-0.18, 0.06)	0.04
Insulinogenic index	-0.05 (-0.18, 0.09)	0.47	0.08 (-0.05, 0.22)	0.15	-0.06 (-.019, 0.08)	0.38	0.09 (-0.05, 0.22)	0.13	0.05 (-0.09, 0.18)	0.36
Disposition index	0.10 (-0.03, 0.24)	0.05	-0.23 (-0.36, -0.09)	<0.001	0.13 (0.00, 0.27)	0.01	-0.24 (-0.37, -0.10)	<0.001	-0.05 (-0.19, 0.07)	0.37
IFG	1.12 (0.80, 1.57)	0.41	1.64 (1.18, 2.28)	0.01	1.05 (0.74, 1.49)	0.56	1.63 (1.17, 2.27)	0.01	0.88 (0.61, 1.26)	0.88
IGT	0.96 (0.61, 1.51)	0.81	1.85 (1.18, 2.92)	0.02	0.91 (0.57, 1.43)	0.67	1.87 (1.18, 2.95)	0.09	0.97 (0.61, 1.53)	0.92
IFG+IGT+DM	1.01 (0.77, 1.33)	0.95	1.79 (1.36, 2.35)	<0.001	0.95 (0.72, 1.27)	0.74	1.80 (1.37, 2.36)	<0.001	0.84 (0.63, 1.13)	0.88

All exposure and outcome variables are Z standardized and adjusted for gender and current age; Values are β regression coefficients (99% CI)

Linear regression used for continuous outcomes; Logistic regression used for dichotomous outcomes and represent odds ratios

IFG: Impaired Fasting Glucose; IGT: Impaired Glucose Tolerance; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; IFG, IGT and DM compared against NGT (Normal Glucose Tolerance)