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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 6.
Published in final edited form as: Protein Pept Lett. 2019 Sep 10;3(10):567–588. doi: 10.1038/s41570-019-0129-8

Fig. 4. Hierarchically oriented crystallization of cyclic peptides.

Fig. 4

a | Long-range oriented crystallization of cyclodiphenylalanine (cyclo-FF) can be achieved by the introduction of aldehyde or solvothermal treatment of a linear FF gel (schematic on the left). Aldehyde facilitates the intramolecular cyclization of linear FF and the subsequent phase transition from gels to crystals. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images clearly demonstrate the hierarchically oriented organization patterns (panels on the right)63. b | Crystalline microtubes composed of layered structures of cyclo-(L-Tyr-D-Ala)71. c | Mesosheets composed of layered structures of cyclo-(L-Phg-L-Phg)72. d | Schematics of the formation of bundled fibres of cyclo-([G-D-L]4) (QL4) (left). The hierarchical order is further confirmed by the high-resolution TEM image78. Part a is adapted with permission from REF.63, Wiley-VCH. Part b is adapted with permission from REF.71, ACS. Part c is adapted with permission from spontaneous self-assembly of designed cyclic dipeptide (Phg-Phg) into two-dimensional nano- and mesosheets, Govindaraju, T. et al. Supramolecular Chemistry (2011) REF.72, reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com). Part d is adapted with permission from REF.78, ACS.