Table 1.

Comparison of different AI methods for VS tumour segmentation from contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (ceT1) alone, high resolution T2-weighted (hrT2) images alone and combined dataset (ceT1 and hrT2). ASSD: Average Symmetric Surface Distance, RVE: Relative Volume Error. Ground truth manually-calculated tumour volume: 2.66 ± 2.43 cm³

Image sequence(s)	Method	Dice (%)	ASSD (mm)	RVE (%)	Volume (cm3)	Runtime (s)
ceT1	Baseline	92.21 ± 5.64	0.305 ± 0.507	8.90 ± 7.94	2.70 ± 2.51	3.46 ± 0.41
	Baseline + SpvA	93.05 ± 4.61	0.226 ± 0.273	8.25 ± 6.36	2.70 ± 2.46	3.48 ± 0.41
	Baseline + SpvA + HDL	93.08 ± 4.85	0.218 ± 0.247	7.55 ± 8.33	2.67 ± 2.44	3.49 ± 0.40
	Ensemble	93.43 ± 3.97	0.203 ± 0.196	6.96 ± 5.68	2.68 ± 2.45	17.48 ± 2.02
hrT2	Baseline	85.71 ± 7.06	0.663 ± 0.451	15.98 ± 14.65	2.85 ± 2.55	3.42 ± 0.37
	Baseline + SpvA	86.72 ± 4.98	0.525 ± 0.292	13.38 ± 9.33	2.85 ± 2.60	3.45 ± 0.41
	Baseline + SpvA + HDL	87.30 ± 4.89	0.433 ± 0.315	12.11 ± 8.92	2.67 ± 2.47	3.45 ± 0.42
	Ensemble	88.25 ± 3.90	0.416 ± 0.209	9.77 ± 7.56	2.67 ± 2.48	17.20 ± 2.08
Combined dataset (ceT1 + hrT2)	Baseline	92.47 ± 5.39	0.492 ± 0.427	8.81 ± 7.02	2.80 ± 2.56	3.83 ± 0.45
	Baseline + SpvA	92.91 ± 3.78	0.263 ± 0.385	8.37 ± 6.79	2.73 ± 2.49	3.87 ± 0.43
	Baseline + SpvA + HDL	93.19 ± 3.59	0.212 ± 0.219	7.57 ± 5.96	2.80 ± 2.53	3.87 ± 0.42
	Ensemble	93.68 ± 2.80	0.199 ± 0.181	7.03 ± 5.04	2.74 ± 2.50	19.26 ± 2.15