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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 9.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet. 2021 Jul 3;398(10294):53–63. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00798-4

Table 1. Characteristics of study participants in each survey.

Characteristics 2004
(N=32,793)
2007
(N=47,839)
2010
(N=90,196)
2013
(N=156,927)
2015
(N=162,055)
2018
(N=155,413)
p for trend
Men, % 44.3 47.3 45.6 42.3 46.0 43.7 0.5249
Age group, % 18-29 years 11.9 13.1 16.1 8.9 9.8 6.2 0.1269
30-39 years 26.3 24.1 19.7 14.4 13.4 11.6 0.0004
40-49 years 27.4 25.4 27.3 27.5 24.7 20.9 0.1251
50-59 years 21.6 23.2 22.9 27.9 27.3 30.2 0.0042
60-69 years 12.7 14.1 14.0 21.2 24.8 31.2 0.0048
Mean age (SD), years 44.1 (12.2) 45.0 (12.7) 44.3 (13.1) 48.9 (12.2) 49.4 (12.6) 51.9 (12.0) 0.0070
Urban, % 37.5 38.9 39.2 41.5 42.7 45.5 0.0012
Region, % Central 10.8 13.2 13.5 12.4 12.3 12.8 0.4669
East 23.1 24.9 24.1 26.0 25.3 24.8 0.1694
North 12.9 14.2 14.2 14.7 14.3 14.7 0.0477
Northeast 12.6 10.7 11.2 9.7 9.6 9.5 0.0139
Northwest 15.2 12.3 12.3 13.0 13.2 13.2 0.4855
South 8.9 8.8 8.5 9.8 9.9 10.2 0.0372
Southwest 16.5 15.9 16.3 14.4 15.3 14.8 0.0592
Education, % No education 18.6 24.9 21.6 25.2 26.1 26.3 0.0539
Primary 29.1 19.6 19.3 19.9 20.1 19.5 0.1549
Secondary 32.6 32.4 33.4 33.3 32.5 32.5 0.9848
Collge 19.6 23.1 25.7 21.6 21.3 21.7 0.9206
Occupation, % Agriculture related 56.6 48.9 47.7 47.3 45.8 44.3 0.0161
Other manual work 5.7 6.9 4.1 4.8 4.1 3.5 0.0580
Non-manual work 19.8 27.0 38.0 38.2 38.4 38.0 0.0269
Not working 10.8 9.4 3.5 2.9 4.2 4.9 0.0768
Retired 7.1 7.8 6.7 6.8 7.4 9.4 0.2747