Table 3. Radiological bone parameters investigated by X-hand, BIA, and DEXA scan.
| X-hand | BIA | DEXA | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Sex | Height SDS |
Skeletal age |
Skeletal age SDS (compared to calendar age) |
Bone health index |
Bone health index SDS |
Negative ulnar variance, yes/no (mm) |
Ulnar variance (mm) in healthy individualsa |
Bone mineral content (kg) compared to BIA reference range for sex and age |
Bone mineral density: lumbar vertebrae (Z-score) |
Bone mineral density: femoral neck (Z-score) |
||
| 3.0 | M | –1.15 | 2.9 | –0.3 | 3 | –1.5 | No (–3.5) | –2.0 ± 1.8 | - | - | - | ||
| 4.1 | F | –1.12 | 3.3 | –1.3 | 3.4 | –1.2 | Yes (–3.6) | –2.1 ± 1.4 | - | –2.6 | –4.7 | ||
| 4.2 | F | –0.57 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 3.6 | –1.7 | Yes (–5.7) | –2.1 ± 1.4 | - | - | - | ||
| 4.6 | F | –0.22 | 4.4 | –0.5 | 4.2 | 0.0 | Yes (–4.6) | –2.1 ± 1.4 | - | - | - | ||
| 4.9 | F | –0.99 | 4.7 | –0.4 | 3.4 | –2.2 | No (–3.4) | –2.1 ± 1.4 | - | 0.2 | - | ||
| 5.0 | F | 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | –0.4 | - | |||
| 7.5 | F | 0.44 | 8.1 | 0.7 | 4.4 | –0.3 | Yes (–6.1) | –2.3 ± 1.3 | 1.4 (high) | 1.1 | -0.3 | ||
| 8.8 | F | 1.22 | 10.4 | 1.9 | 4.3 | –2.8 | Yes (–7.9) | –2.7 ±2.5 | 1.4 (low) | - | - | ||
| 9.5 | F | 0.07 | 11.9 | 2.9 | 4.4 | –1.4 | Yes (–4.8) | – 1.9 ± 1.4 | - | - | - | ||
| 9.7 | M | –1.05 | 10.3 | 0.9 | 4.2 | –1 | Yes (–3.8) | –1.6 ± 1.8 | - | - | - | ||
| 10.4 | F | –0.02 | 9.4 | –0.6 | 4.5 | –0.2 | Yes (–8.0) | –1.9 ± 1.5 | - | - | - | ||
| 11.0 | F | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.2 (high) | 1.8 | 2.4 | |||
| 12.8 | F | –0.70 | 12.1 | –0.5 | 5.3 | 0.1 | Yes (–4.4) | –1.0 ±2.0 | - | –0.2 | –1.6 | ||
| 13.7 | F | –0.15 | 14.9 | 1.3 | 5.0 | –1.0 | No (–2.3) | – 1.8 ± 1.7 | 2.6 (high) | - | - | ||
| 15.5 | F | –0.17 | 16.4 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 1.3 | No (–2.6) | –1.0 ± 1.8 | 2.3 (normal) | ||||
| 20.0 | F | –0.07 | 17.5 | N/A | 5.7 | 0.1 | Yes (–5.0) | – 1.4 ± 1.2 | - | - | - | ||
Abbreviations: BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; SDS, standard deviation score.
a
Matched for method, sex, and skeletal age (Kox et al., 2020).