Table 3. Phosphodiesterases characterised in cardiac myocytes.
| PDE family |
PDE genes |
Reported cardiac splice variants |
Reported subcellular localisation |
Reported association with cardiac disease |
Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDE1 | PDE1A PDE1B PDE1C |
PDE1A PDE1C1 PDE1C3 |
Soluble fractions Nucleus Z- line and M- line |
HF, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis | (436–441) |
| PDE2 | PDE2A | PDE2A1 PDE2A2 |
Soluble fraction Mitochondria (MOM, MIM, matrix) Plasma membrane Intercalated disk Nuclear envelope SR |
HF, hypertrophy, arrhythmia | (28, 98, 442–448) |
| PDE3 | PDE3A PDE3B |
PDE3A1 PDE3A2 PDE3B |
Microsomal fraction, SR, Nucleus Cytoplasm |
HF, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion, apoptosis, cardioprotection |
(80, 81, 101, 232, 449–458) |
| PDE4 | PDE4A PDE4B PDE4C PDE4D |
PDE4D3 PDE4D5 PDE4D8 PDE4D9 |
Plasma membrane SR nucleus |
HF, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmia | (216, 452, 459, 460) |
| PDE8 | PDE8A PDE8B |
PDE8A1 PDE8A2 PDE8B |
Plasma membrane, Cytosol Mitochondria |
Atrial fibrillation | (461, 462) |
| PDE10 | PDE10A | PDE10A2 | Golgi Cytosol |
HF, cardiac hypertrophy, Dox-induced cardiotoxicity | (91, 463, 464) |