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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Mar 10.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Microbe. 2024 Oct 5;5(11):100913. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00152-6

Table 2. Univariable and multivariable associations of ARGs shown with amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and piperacillin–tazobactam resistance.

Univariable regression analysis
for amoxicillin–clavulanic acid		 Multivariable regression analysis
for amoxicillin–clavulanic acid		 Univariable regression analysis
for piperacillin–tazobactam		 Multivariable regression analysis
for piperacillin–tazobactam
OR p aOR p OR p aOR p
bla TEM-1_1 1⋅00 (reference) ⋅⋅ 1⋅00 (reference) ⋅⋅ 1⋅00 (reference group) ⋅⋅ 1⋅00 (reference group) ⋅⋅
bla TEM-1_2 0⋅51 (0⋅31–0⋅83) 0⋅0068 0⋅58 (0⋅35–0⋅95) 0⋅031 0⋅69 (0⋅23–1⋅62) 0⋅43 0⋅87 (0⋅28–2⋅04) 0⋅76
bla TEM-1_3 0⋅89 (0⋅70–1⋅11) 0⋅30 1⋅00 (0⋅79–1⋅26) 0⋅98 0⋅42 (0⋅24–0⋅68) <0⋅0001 0⋅50 (0⋅29–0⋅82) 0⋅0047
bla TEM-1_4 1⋅19 (0⋅85–1⋅67) 0⋅31 1⋅34 (0⋅96–1⋅89) 0⋅085 0⋅88 (0⋅47–1⋅51) 0⋅66 1⋅10 (0⋅59–1⋅90) 0⋅74
bla TEM-1_other 2⋅13 (1⋅52–3⋅04) <0⋅0001 2⋅29 (1⋅62–3⋅28) <0⋅0001 1⋅73 (1⋅09–2⋅66) 0⋅021 1⋅98 (1⋅23–3⋅07) 0⋅0057
bla CMY-2 23⋅7 (3⋅17–3035⋅88) <0⋅0001 21⋅38 (2⋅79–2745⋅94) <0⋅0001 2⋅43 (0⋅48–7⋅98) 0⋅25 1⋅90 (0⋅35–6⋅65) 0⋅41
bla OXA-1 23⋅05 (9⋅13–83⋅21) <0⋅0001 24⋅52 (9⋅69–88⋅65) <0⋅0001 8⋅80 (5⋅55–13⋅75) <0⋅0001 8⋅68 (5⋅41–13⋅72) <0⋅0001
bla _other 29⋅06 (3⋅93–3707⋅68) <0⋅0001 31⋅22 (4⋅21–3986⋅66) <0⋅0001 14⋅52 (5⋅46–38⋅62) <0⋅0001 13⋅46 (4⋅89–36⋅67) <0⋅0001

Data are OR (95% CI), aOR (95% CI), or p value. blaTEM-1_1, blaTEM-1_2, blaTEM-1_3,and blaTEM-1_4 denote the four most common alleles of blaTEM-1 in the dataset (all others are denoted as blaTEM-1_other). blaTEM-1_1 is the reference version of the gene (ie, 100% nucleotide match to the version found in the AMRFinder database). In the multivariable models, estimates are adjusted for the independent presence of the two most common β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor resistance-conferring ARGs (blaCMY-2, blaOXA-1, and of any other β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor ARGs grouped as blaother). aOR=adjusted odds ratio. ARG=antibiotic-resistance gene. OR=odds ratio.