Table 2. CSF metabolites associated with mortality in both cohorts.

Metabolites	Within-cohort validation^a (Indonesia)				External validation (Vietnam)				Whole Indonesian cohort^a
Metabolites	HR^b	95% CI^c	p-value	FDR^c	HR^b	95% CI^b	p-value	FDR	HR^b	95% CI^b	p-value	Test for heterogeneity^d
FA 6:0; OH	1.47	1.15, 1.87	0.002	0.016	1.48	1.16, 1.88	0.002	0.028	1.60	1.35, 1.90	<0.001	0.594
(hydroxyisocaproate)
FA 8:0; 3OH	1.36	1.06, 1.74	0.014	0.054	1.51	1.26, 1.81	<0.001	0.001	1.41	1.20, 1.66	<0.001	0.617
(3-hydroxyoctanoate)
FA 4:0; OH	1.35	1.04, 1.76	0.023	0.068	1.46	1.15, 1.86	0.002	0.033	1.53	1.25, 1.87	<0.001	0.754
(hydroxyisobutyrate)
CAR 4:0; OH	1.21	0.91, 1.63	0.2	0.255	1.51	1.15, 1.99	0.003	0.046	1.46	1.17, 1.83	<0.001	0.902
(C4-OH carnitine)
Tryptophan	1.32	1.04, 1.67	0.021	0.064	1.42	1.17, 1.72	<0.001	0.009	1.37	1.16, 1.61	<0.001	0.838
p-hydroxyphenylacetate	1.46	1.12, 1.91	0.006	0.038	1.33	1.09, 1.61	0.004	0.049	1.67	1.42, 1.97	<0.001	0.042
Phenyllactate	1.62	1.23, 2.15	<0.001	0.01	1.55	1.24, 1.94	<0.001	0.007	1.77	1.45, 2.16	<0.001	0.302
N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine	1.56	1.25, 1.95	<0.001	0.003	1.45	1.19, 1.76	<0.001	0.007	1.49	1.29, 1.71	<0.001	0.665
N6-N6-N6-trimethyllysine	1.83	1.40, 2.39	<0.001	0.001	1.36	1.08, 1.72	0.009	0.091	1.84	1.56, 2.17	<0.001	0.022

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; FDR, false discovery rate.

The Indonesian cohort was split into a screening and a within-cohort validation set of equal sizes (n = 194), and the table represents the results from the within-cohort validation (first column) and whole Indonesian cohort (third column).

HR per 1 SD increase in metabolite abundance (metabolites were log2 transformed and normalized to an SD of 1).

FDR for the validation of 107 metabolites from the Indonesian discovery cohort.

Test for study population (Indonesia and Vietnam) as effect modifier.