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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 7.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Rev. 2024 Jul 11;132(2):330–363. doi: 10.1037/rev0000487

Table 2. Mean Observed T0 and Model NDT From Five Models and for Data Set Groups A, B, and C (Same as Table 1), on Which Core Predictions 1–3 Are Tested.

DS Mean value and tested prediction T 0 EZ DDMBlind DDMInf LBABlind LBAInf
A Mean Bright 1 Dim 268|290 310|325 276|291 313|329 88|119 85|101
    BF (NDT ≥ T0) Bright | Dim 75|57 13|9 73|62 <10−10 <10−11
    R2 (NDT, T0) 13|15 12|7 1|1 0|1 0|4
    BF (Bright < Dim) 108 108 6.4 1012 1.3 1010
B Mean Bright | Dim 81|101 121|143 48|53 22|27 73|48 40|56
    BF (NDT ≥ T0) Bright | Dim 28|31 0.26|0.12 <10−4 2.7|0.24 0.37|0.35
    R2 (NDT, T0) 54|43 2|0 46|0 56|11 30|2
    BF (Bright < Dim) 22 18 0.38 0.44 0.15 2.7
C Mean Fast | Cautious 226|227 369|365 311|290 337 218|115 205
    BF (NDT ≥ T0) Fast | Cautious 235|271 45|11 48|45 3.1|0.06 2.2|2.1
    R2 (NDT, T0) 74|81 16|0 3|1 21|16 25|22

Note. Mean values are given in ms. BF (NDT ≥ T0) shows the Bayes factor against the hypothesis that NDT < T0. R2 (NDT, T0) show the % shared variance between NDT and T0, with () indicating negative correlations. Green and orange shading highlights tests in favor or against each prediction. Grey shading indicates inconclusive tests. For Group C, the informed model does not allow NDT to vary with condition (fast vs. cautious), which is why a single value is presented. NDT = non-decision time; DS = data set; DDM = drift diffusion model; LBA = linear ballistic accumulator; Inf = informed; BF = Bayes factor. The italic and bold was meant to highlight that these are mean values, distinct from the other rows which corresponds to tests. See the online article for the color version of this table.