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. 2020 Nov 4;18:175. doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-00607-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic representation of the pathway of eukaryotic translation initiation. The whole process of eukaryotic translation initiation can be divided into nine stages: a the recycling of separated ribosomal subunits and eIFs which are generated from the previous mRNA translations. b the formation of eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAi^Met ternary complex. c the formation of 43S PIC which is composed of eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAi^Met ternary complex, 40S ribosomal subunits, eIF1, eIF1A, eIF3 and eIF5. d the activation of mRNA by eIF4F complex with the assistance of eIF4B, eIF3 and PABP. e the attachment of 43S PIC to mRNA. f the scanning of mRNA 5’UTR in a 5’-3’ direction by 43S PIC. g the recognition of start codon and the formation of 48S initiation complex. h the jointing of 60S ribosomal subunits to the 48S complex with the assistance of eIF5B-GTP and eIF1A, and the concomitant displacement of eIF2-GDP and other factors including eIF1, eIF3, eIF4B, eIF4F and eIF5. i hydrolysis of eIF5B-bound GTP and release of eIF1A and eIF5B-GDP from the 80S ribosome, mRNA translation enters the elongation stage