Table 4.

Hierarchical linear regression for prediction HRQL through demographic characteristics, self-care behaviors and health literacy

Variables	ß	R2 change	F change	SE	p value
Step 1
Age	− 0.156*	0.046	2.22	8.17	0.068
Gender	0.033			13.98
Job	0.074			7.78
Marriage	0.117			9.26
Step 2
Age	− 0.124*	0.475	35.69	6.16	0.001
Gender	0.001			10.31
Job	0.059			5.80
Marriage	0.106*			6.70
Reading health information	0.478*			0.96
Ability to access health information	0.372*			0.87
Understanding health information	0.089			0.99
Appraisal of health information	0.266*			1.35
Decision-making	0.380*			0.48
Step 3
Age	− 0.126*	0.136	17.39	5.42	0.001
Gender	0.074			8.98
Job	0.040			5.07
Marriage	0.113*			5.84
Reading health information	0.372*			0.96
Ability to access health information	0.364*			0.76
Understanding health information	0.088			0.85
Appraisal of health information	0.148			1.18
Decision-making	0.208*			0.46
Diet	0.341*			0.39
Exercise	0.126*			0.78
Glucose monitoring	0.143*			1.44
Medications	0.081			2.37
Total R2	–	0.655	–	–
Adjusted R2	–	0.630	–	–

*p < 0.05