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. 2020 Nov 4;19:102. doi: 10.1186/s12912-020-00494-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Overview of treatment principles in atopic dermatitis. Skin-care is essential and should be maintained regardless of any additional treatment. Topical corticosteroids (TCS) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) are first-line therapies. A wide range of TCS preparations are available, and choice (potency, strength, dosage) should be tailored towards individual patient needs; typically, medium- to high-potency TCSs are used for short periods to treat acute flares. In sensitive areas (e.g. face, neck, flexural areas) lower-potency TCS or TCIs are recommended. *Systemic immunosuppressant therapy includes cyclosporine A (licensed therapy in Europe / off-label in the US) azathioprine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil (all off-label) and systemic corticosteroids. †Biologic therapies e.g., dupilumab, now approved in Europe and the US in refractory patients with moderate-to-severe AD, either as monotherapy or in combination with TCS. Information based on published recommendations [3, 4, 14–17]