Table 5.
Activity classes and sensor placement of the statistical machine learning approaches
| First author | # of classes | Names of classes | # of sensors | Sensor positions | Type of sensors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmadi [61] | 4 | Sedentary (lying and sitting), standing, comfortable walking, and brisk walking | 2 | Pelvis and forearm (dominant side) | ACC |
| Albert [52] | 4 | Lying, sitting, standing, and walking | 1 | Pelvis | ACC |
| Albert [43], Sok [50] | 6 | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing, and wheeling | 1 | Pelvis | ACC |
| Andreu-Perez [48] | 10 | Lying, sitting, standing, lying-to-sitting, sitting-to-lying, lying-standing, standing-to-lying, sitting-to-standing, standing-to-sitting, and walking | 1 | Pelvis | ACC |
| Biswas [110, 111] | 3 | Reaching and retrieving, lifting cup to mouth, and pouring and (un)locking | 1 | Forearm (affected side) | ACC and GYRO |
| Brogioli [29], Popp [32] | 2 | Passive and active wheeling | 4 | Trunk, forearm (bilateral), and wheelchair | ACC and GYRO |
| Capela [46] | 6 | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing, and activities of daily living | 1 | Pelvis | ACC |
| Capela [47] | 6 | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing, and activities of daily living | 1 | Pelvis | ACC and GYRO |
| Cheng [49] | 6 | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing, and running | 1 | Pelvis | ACC and GYRO |
| Ding [100] | 4 | Static, non-wheeling activity, passive wheeling, and active wheeling | 2 | Forearm (dominant side) and wheelchair | ACC (forearm) and RS (wheelchair) |
| Fortune [99] | 3 | Static, non-wheeling activity, and active wheeling | 3 | Trunk and upper arm (bilateral) | ACC and GYRO |
| García-Massó [62] | 5 | Sedentary (lying, sitting, and passive wheeling), transferring while sitting, active wheeling, housework, and arm-ergometer | 2 | Forearm (bilateral) | ACC |
| Hester [87] | 10 | Walking, walking on uneven surfaces, walking up a ramp, walking down a ramp, stair climbing up, stair climbing down, walking over an object, turning, walking while carrying an object, and opening a door | 5 | Forearm (bilateral), shank (bilateral), and walking aid | ACC and GYRO |
| Hester [88] | 10 | Walking, walking on uneven surfaces, walking up a ramp, walking down a ramp, stair climbing up, stair climbing down, walking over an object, turning, walking while carrying an object, and opening a door | 2 | Shank (right) and walking aid | ACC |
| Hiremath [101] | 7 | Static, passive wheeling, active wheeling, housework, activities of daily living, arm-ergometer, and playing basketball | 3 | Upper arm (dominant side), forearm (dominant side), and wheelchair | ACC (upper arm and forearm) and GYRO (wheelchair) |
| Jalloul [42] | 7 | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, eating, writing, and reading | 6 | Neck, upper arm (unilateral), forearm (unilateral), pelvis, thigh (unilateral), and shank (unilateral) | ACC and GYRO and MAG |
| Kiani [37, 38] | 6 | Lying, sitting, standing, transitions, walking, and unlabeled | 3 | Trunk, thigh (left and right) | ACC |
| Laudanski [83] | 5 | Walking, stair climbing up (step over step), stair climbing up (step by step), stair climbing down (step over step), and stair climbing down (step by step) | 2 | Shank (bilateral) | ACC and GYRO |
| Leuenberger [84] | 3 | Walking, stair climbing up, and stair climbing down | 5 | Trunk, forearm (bilateral), and shank (bilateral) | ACC and BARO |
| Lonini [54] | 5 | Sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing up, and stair climbing down | 1 | Pelvis | ACC |
| O’Brien [45] | 6 | Lying, sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing up, and stair climbing down | 1 | Pelvis | ACC and GYRO and BARO |
| Popp [90] | 4 | Sedentary, low intensity, high intensity, and walking | 3 | Trunk, forearm (affected side), and shank (non-affected side) | GYRO and BARO |
| Popp [98] | 3 | Low intensity, high intensity, and active wheeling | 4 | Trunk, forearm (bilateral), and wheelchair | ACC and GYRO |
| Recher [59] | 7 | Sitting, standing, sitting-to-standing, standing-to-sitting, walking sideways, stair climbing, and moving objects | 8 | Trunk, pelvis, thigh (bilateral), shank (bilateral), and foot (bilateral) | ACC and GYRO and MAG |
| Roy [57] | 11 | Supine-to-sitting, sitting, sitting-to-standing, walking, tooth brushing, hair combing, bowel movement, shirt buttoning, pant lifting, food cutting, and food lifting | 8 | Abdomen, lower back (bilateral), upper arm (bilateral), forearm (bilateral), thigh (affected side) | ACC |
| Seiter [113] | 6 | Resting (lying & sitting), eating and leisure, cognitive training, medical fitness, kitchen work, and motor training | 3 | Forearm (bilateral) and thigh (non-affected side) | ACC |
| Teknomo [51] | 4 | Sitting, walking, stair climbing, and running | 1 | Shank (non-affected side) | ACC |
| Wade [55] | 4 | Sitting, standing, walking, and stair climbing | 5 | Pelvis, thigh (bilateral), shank (bilateral) | ACC |
| Wu [85], Xu [91] | 1 | Walking | 2 | Shank (bilateral) | ACC |
# Number, ACC accelerometer, BARO barometric pressure sensor, GYRO gyroscope, MAG magnetometer, RS reed switch