Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| CON (n = 1301) | N-MFOM (n = 95) | MFOM (n = 469) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male) | 813 (62.5) | 40 (42.1) | 243 (51.8) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 59.2 ± 16.5 | 67.4 ± 12.1a | 64.8 ± 11.4a | <0.001 |
| Current diabetic drugs (n) | – | 1.4 ± 0.6a | 1.6 ± 0.7a,b | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 4.8 ± 2.6 | 7.0 ± 3.4a | 5.7 ± 2.8a,b | <0.001 |
| Follow-up duration (days) | 22.8 ± 14.3 | 23.3 ± 15.7 | 24.0 ± 14.6 | 0.282 |
| Myocardial infarction | 80 (6.1) | 13 (13.7) | 34 (7.2) | 0.017 |
| Congestive heart failure | 204 (15.7) | 27 (28.4) | 86 (18.3) | 0.004 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 378 (29.1) | 41 (43.2) | 159 (33.9) | 0.005 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 274 (21.1) | 34 (35.8) | 143 (30.5) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 226 (17.4) | 27 (28.4) | 97 (20.7) | 0.014 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 789 (60.6) | 57 (60) | 264 (56.3) | 0.256 |
| Connective tissue disease | 198 (15.2) | 13 (13.7) | 62 (13.2) | 0.556 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 631 (48.5) | 50 (52.6) | 226 (48.2) | 0.721 |
| Mild liver disease | 907 (69.7) | 76 (80) | 353 (75.3) | 0.013 |
| Hemiplegia | 71 (5.5) | 6 (6.3) | 19 (4.1) | 0.433 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 192 (14.8) | 45 (47.4) | 138 (29.4) | <0.001 |
| Any malignancy | 205 (15.8) | 17 (17.9) | 61 (13.0) | 0.272 |
| Moderate-to-severe liver disease | 15 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | 0.231 |
| Metastatic tumour | 20 (1.5) | 3 (3.2) | 7 (1.5) | 0.467 |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 6 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.271 |
| Hypertension | 692 (53.2) | 78 (82.1) | 346 (73.8) | <0.001 |
| Concomitant medications: | ||||
| Thiazolidinedione | – | 12 (12.6) | 38 (8.1) | 0.157 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | – | 74 (77.9) | 303 (64.6) | 0.012 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | – | 4 (4.2) | 30 (6.4) | 0.635 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | – | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 |
| RAAS blocker | – | 46 (48.4) | 228 (48.6) | 0.973 |
Data are expressed as n (%) for categorical variables, means ± standard deviation for continuous variables; * by one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test for continuous variables, and Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, for concomitant medication use in N-MFOM (patients taking diabetic medications other than metformin) vs MFOM (patients taking metformin) groups; aP < 0.05 vs CON (patients not taking diabetic drugs) group, bP < 0.05 vs N-MFOM group; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter type 2; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.