Table 1. Overview on the Diverse Applications of Peptide Microarrays in the Field of Pandemic Pathogensa.
| pathogen | keywords with respect to peptide microarray applicationsb | peptide array content | studied immune response | sample origin | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 | proteome-wide profiling of antibody responses on epitope level | proteome as overlapping peptidesc | infection-induced | human | (45, 46) |
| epitope mapping | spike protein as overlapping peptides | infection-induced | human | (47) | |
| peptide-PNA library of Spike protein | infection-induced | human | (48) | ||
| Ebola | epitope mapping | surface glycoprotein as overlapping peptides | infection- and vaccination-induced | human | (49) |
| influenza | proteome-wide profiling of antibody responses on epitope level | proteome of influenza A virus (H1N1) and HA proteins of other Influenza A subtypes as overlapping peptides | infection- and vaccination-induced | human | (50) |
| immunosignatures to predict vaccine efficacy | random peptide array | vaccination-induced | mouse | (51) | |
| HA peptides | vaccination-induced | human | (52) | ||
| comparative study on different vaccine approaches | 4 HA proteins as overlapping peptides | vaccination-induced | mouse | (53) | |
| peptide-based influenza inhibitors | 1 peptide in 152 mutant variants (site directed substitution of amino acids) | N/D | labeled virus strain | (54) | |
| antibody characterization, epitope mapping | nonstructural protein 1 as overlapping peptides | N/D | mAb | (55) | |
| flaviviruses | antibody profiling, discriminative epitopes, differential diagnostics | proteomes of different arboviruses | infection-induced | monkey | (56) |
| peptides derived from different arboviruses | infection-induced | human | (57) | ||
| proteome of TBEV as overlapping peptides | infection- and vaccination-induced | human | (58) | ||
| ZIKV proteome as overlapping peptides | infection-induced | human | (59) | ||
| proteomes of different arboviruses as overlapping peptides | infection- and vaccination induced | human | (60) | ||
| epitope mapping, molecular basis on differential antibody binding | ZIKV nonstructural protein 1 sequences as overlapping peptides | infection-induced | human | (61) | |
| immune-diagnostics, linear epitopes vs discontinuous epitopes | ZIKV nonstructural protein 1-derived peptides | infection-induced | human | (43) | |
| antibody characterization, epitope mapping | DENV2 nonstructural protein 4B as overlapping peptides | N/D | mAb | (62) | |
| ZIKV envelope protein-derived overlapping peptides | N/D | purified Ab (rabbit) | (63) | ||
| epitope mapping, potential correlates of protection | DENV nonstructural protein 1-derived overlapping peptides | infection (human)- and vaccination (mouse)-induced | mouse, human | (64) | |
| immunosignature analyses | non-natural randomized peptides | N/D | purified Ab (mouse) | (65) | |
| epitope mapping | ZIKV envelope protein-derived peptides | vaccination-induced | monkey | (66) | |
| HIV | specificities of bNAbs | HIV envelope proteins as overlapping peptides (different subtypes) | infection-induced | human | (67) |
| humoral immune response post vaccination (clinical) | HIV envelope proteins as overlapping peptides (different subtypes) | vaccination-induced | human | (68−70) | |
| HIV envelope proteins as overlapping peptides (different subtypes) | vaccination- and infection induced | human | (71) | ||
| GB virus C/HIV-1 coinfections, diagnostics | GBV-C E2 protein-derived peptides | infection-induced | human | (72) | |
| humoral immune response post vaccination (preclinical) | HIV envelope protein-derived overlapping peptides | vaccination-induced | rabbit | (73) | |
| HIV envelope protein-derived overlapping peptides (different subtypes) | vaccination-induced | monkey | (74−76) | ||
| library of peptides derived from HIV-1 proteome covering the global sequence diversity | vaccination-induced | guinea pig | (77,78) | ||
| epitope diversity | library of peptides derived from HIV-1 proteome covering the global sequence diversity | infection- and vaccination-induced | human, monkey, guinea pig | (79) | |
| microarray-based diagnostics, antibody monitoring | HIV-1 clade C peptides and proteins covering the proteome | infection-induced | human | (80) | |
| antibody response, analytical treatment interruption | library of peptides derived from HIV-1 proteome covering the global sequence diversity | infected/vaccinated/ART | human | (81) | |
| bNAbs, CDR-H3, epitope recognition | HIV-1 envelope protein as overlapping peptides | vaccination-induced | mouse | (82) | |
| CHIKV | proteome-wide profiling of antibody responses on epitope level | proteome as overlapping peptides | infection- and vaccination-induced | human | (83) |
a
Abbreviations: SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; refs, references; mAb, monoclonal antibodies; PNA, peptide nucleic acid; HA, hemagglutinin; TBEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus; bNAbs, broadly neutralizing antibodies; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus; CDR-H3, heavy chain complementarity determining region 3; CHIKV, Chikungunya virus.
b
See original articles for more detailed information.
c
Different peptide to peptide overlaps.