Cleavage of tRNA substrates by the human TSEN complex. The heterotetrameric TSEN complex is efficient at cleaving (A) tRNA-R1 full-length (1.7 μM) and (B) anticodon stem loop (0.5 μM) tRNA substrates. Representative time courses (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 min) are shown for the cleavage of each tRNA substrates by 1.5 μM TSEN complex (both wildtype and endonuclease dead (AAA2) complexes). RNA cleavage products were separated on TBE–Urea denaturing gels and visualized using a typhoon. The average of three replicates is graphed, standard deviation is shown for each data point.