Fig. 2.

OMVs can protect H. pylori against the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, but not against amoxicillin. Bacteria were grown in different concentrations of LL-37 (a) or amoxicillin (b) as indicated by the keys, with (dashed lines) or without (solid lines) supplementation with 50 µg purified OMVs ml⁻¹ . Growth of H. pylori 60190 in BHI + 0.2 % β-cyclodextrin was inhibited by 1.25–5 µg LL-37 ml⁻¹ . When the bacteria were supplemented with 50 µg purified OMVs ml⁻¹, growth was significantly enhanced (endpoint P<0.05, two-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests) (a). OMVs did not enhance the growth of H. pylori in the presence of amoxicillin (b).