Table 1.

Phase 2 or 3 clinical trials of immune modulators in adjuvant setting after curative resection or radiofrequency ablation of HCC

Setting	Trial identifier*	Agents (generic name)	Agents (type)	Number of participants†
Monotherapy
Phase 3	NCT00149565	Interferon alfa-2b	IFNα-2b	268
Phase 3	NCT03383458 (CheckMate 9DX)	Nivolumab	Anti-PD-1 antibody	530
Phase 3	NCT03867084 (KEYNOTE-937)	Pembrolizumab	Anti-PD-1 antibody	950
Phase 2/3	NCT03859128 (JUPITER 04)	Toripalimab	Anti-PD-1 antibody	402
Phase 2	UMIN000026648 (NIVOLVE)	Nivolumab	Anti-PD-1 antibody	55
Combinations
Phase 3	NCT03847428 (EMERALD-2)	Durvalumab±bevacizumab	Anti-PD-L1 antibody±anti-VEGFR2 antibody	888
Phase 3	NCT04102098 (IMbrave050)	Atezolizumab±bevacizumab	Anti-PD-L1 antibody±anti-VEGFR2 antibody	662
Phase 2	NCT03222076‡	Nivolumab+ipilimumab	Anti-PD-1 antibody+anti-CTLA-4 antibody	30

HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; IFN, interferon; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; VEGFR2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 ; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4.

^*The adjuvant IFNα-2b did not reduce the postoperative recurrence of viral hepatitis-related HCC (NCT00149565). Other trials including immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently ongoing.

^†Number of estimated enrollments.

^‡Inclusion criteria show resectable hepatocellular carcinoma.