Table 1.

Protective effect of moderate alcohol intake in NAFLD

Study	Type of study	Patient	Outcome measure	Result
Dixon et al. [6] (2001)	Cross-sectional cohort study	105 patients	Liver biopsy	Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a decreased risk of NASH (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.12–1.00).
Suzuki et al. [7] (2007)	Cross-sectional and prospective community-based study	1,177 patients	Blood ALT	Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with decreased odds (AOR, 0.5 [0.3–0.9], P=0.032) in the older group
Gunji et al. [8] (2009)	Cross-sectional, community-based study	5,599 patients	Ultrasonography	Alcohol intake reduced the risk of fatty liver (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68–0.99; and OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61–0.93)
Mitchell et al. [20] (2018)	Cross-sectional, cohort study	187 patients	Liver biopsy	Modest alcohol consumption (1–70 g per week) was associated with a decreased risk of advanced fibrosis (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14–0.78; P=0.01) compared to lifetime abstainers
Dunn et al. [15] (2012)	Cross-sectional cohort study	251 lifetime modest drinkers; 331 non-drinkers	Liver biopsy	Modest drinkers had significantly lower odds for fibrosis (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41–0.77)
Moriya et al. [13] (2015)	Community-based cohort study	3,773 men and 1,524 women	Ultrasonography	Men: moderate drinking (OR, 0.79; 95% CI , 0.68–0.90)
				Women: moderate drinking (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52–0.96)

NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.