Figure 2.

Functional molecular biomarkers for the processes of ALD and NAFLD. ALD, alcoholic liver disease; AMPKα, AMP-activated protein kinase alpha; miR, microRNA; TXNIP, thioredoxin interacting protein; LXRα, liver X receptor α; ATG4B, autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase; Gα12, G protein subunit alpha 12; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; USP22, ubiquitin specific peptidase 22; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ROS, reactive oxygen species; HSCs, hepatic stellate cells; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ATG12-5, autophagy related 12-5 conjugate; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.