Table 2.
Echocardiographic Imaging Findings in COVID-19–Negative and COVID-19–Positive (Symptomatic and Asymptomatic) Athletes
| COVID-19-Negative Control Athletes (n = 20) | COVID-19-Positive Athletes |
p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptomatic COVID-19 (n = 38 [70%]) | Asymptomatic COVID-19 (n = 16 [30%]) | |||
| Left heart | ||||
| IVSd (cm) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.29 |
| PWTd (cm) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 0.95 (0.8–1.1) | 0.28 |
| LVIDd index (cm/m2) | 2.62 (2.56–2.75) | 2.34∗† (2.08–2.46) | 2.43† (2.37–2.54) | 0.0003‡ |
| LVEDV index (ml/m2) | 67.77 (52.62–77.00) | 61.04 (56.71–71.18) | 71.43 (63.54–77.93) | 0.08 |
| LVESV index (ml/m2) | 26.61 (21.12–30.03) | 25.65 (21.64–30.30) | 29.28 (24.36–33.40) | 0.26 |
| LAVi (ml/m2) | 30.20 (24.87–35.02) | 26.63 (21.68–31.88) | 28.75 (26.86–33.15) | 0.32 |
| LVMi (g/m2) | 80.13 (66.48–96.58) | 75.34 (62.60–90.78) | 85.65 (73.51–97.70) | 0.32 |
| LVEF% | 60.0 (57.5–62.7) | 60.0 (55.0–64.0) | 58.0 (54.0–61.5) | 0.51 |
| LVEF <50% | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.61 |
| SVi (ml/m2) | 39.98 (32.89–46.26) | 36.56 (33.09–42.99) | 43.62 (34.49–47.27) | 0.21 |
| E/A ratio | 1.8 (1.6–2.3) | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | 2.05 (1.8–2.5) | 0.12 |
| Septal eʹ velocity (cm/s) | 14.80 (12.03–15.76) | 12.00∗† (10.78–14.18) | 14.10 (12.95–14.90) | 0.008‡ |
| Lateral eʹ velocity (cm/s) | 20.00 (15.53–22.68) | 17.40 (15.03–20.28) | 19.05 (17.20–23.45) | 0.13 |
| Average eʹ velocity (cm/s) | 17.90 (13.44–19.36) | 14.90∗ (13.55–16.75) | 16.38 (15.25–18.98) | 0.028‡ |
| E/eʹ ratio | 5.91 (4.73-7.39) | 6.21 (5.60–7.46) | 6.91 (5.87–7.10) | 0.31 |
| Average E/eʹ ratio | 5.3 (4.3-6.1) | 5.5 (5.0–6.4) | 5.7 (5.1–6.1) | 0.31 |
| LVGLS | 22.8 (20.7–23.6) | 21.7 (19.4–24.1) | 21.4 (18.7–24.2) | 0.24 |
| LVGLS <16 | 0 (0) | 4 (11) | 2 (13) | 0.28 |
| Right heart | ||||
| RV dimension index (cm/m2) | 2.02 (1.78–2.17) | 1.82∗† (1.55–1.94) | 1.98 (1.81–2.08) | 0.006‡ |
| RVFAC, % | 43.08 (35.98–47.23) | 23.23† (19.41–26.89) | 26.40† (22.93–28.79) | <0.0001‡ |
| RVFAC <35 % | 4 (20) | 34 (89) | 15 (94) | <0.0001§ |
| Sʹ, cm/s | 14.00 (13.00–16.00) | 14 (12.75–15.05) | 13.85 (12.95–15.00) | 0.95 |
| RVFWLS, % | 26.85 (23.80–32.10) | 26.80 (22.18–30.55) | 28.05 (23.15–30.05) | 0.91 |
| RVFWLS <20% | 1 (5) | 3 (8) | 1 (6) | 0.91 |
| Small pericardial effusion ≥5 mm | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 1 (6) | 0.55 |
Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%).
A = late diastolic atrial contraction mitral wave velocity; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease-2019; E = early diastolic mitral wave velocity; eʹ = tissue Doppler–derived early diastolic mitral annular velocity; IVSd = interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole; LAVi = left atrium volume index, LV GLS = left ventricular global longitudinal strain; LVEDV = left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV = left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVIDd = left ventricular internal diameter end-diastole, LVMi = LV mass index; PWTd = posterior left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole; RVFAC = right ventricular fractional area change; RVFWLS = RV free wall strain; Sʹ = systolic excursion velocity; SVi = stroke volume index.
p < 0.05 compared with the asymptomatic group.
p < 0.05 compared with the control group.
p < 0.05 using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn-Bonferroni correction.
p < 0.05 using chi-square test.