Table 3.
Mean change in plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), plasma concentrations of cytokines and plasma concentrations of biomarkers of intestinal permeability from Visit 2 to Visit 3.
| Placebo | Probiotic | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) and Median (range)a | N | Mean (SD) and Median (range)a | ||
| Biomarkers of Inflammation | |||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 14 | 0.113 (1.2) 0.09 (−2.3, 2.4) |
10 | −0.625 (1.1) −0.565 (−2.3, 1.5) |
0.056 |
| IFNγ (pg/ml) | 14 | 0.36 (1.2) 0.04 (−1.4, 3.9) |
9 | −0.33 (1.2) −0.04 (−3.1, 1.1) |
0.22 |
| IL1α (pg/ml) | 14 | 0.98 (4.0) 0.28 (−4.4, 12.7) |
9 | −1.6 (11.2) 1.64 (−30.4, 9.6) |
0.45 |
| IL1β (pg/ml) | 14 | 0.70 (2.7) 0.04 (−3.5, 9.1) |
9 | −0.25 (2.5) −0.03 (−6.1, 3.3) |
0.37 |
| IL2 (pg/ml) | 14 | 0.02 (0.34) −0.02 (−0.60, 0.81) |
9 | −0.12 (1.3) 0 (−3.4, 1.3) |
0.51 |
| IL6 (pg/ml) | 14 | 0.22 (2.4) −0.10 (−5.1, 4.0) |
9 | −0.07 (7.7) −0.24 (−13.5, 16.3) |
0.64 |
| IL8 (pg/ml) | 14 | −4.8 (11.2) −0.49 (−39.2, 3.6) |
9 | 1.4 (5.9) 1.1 (−8.8, 11.4) |
0.12 |
| IL10 (pg/ml) | 14 | 0.15 (0.85) 0.09 (−1.4, 2.2) |
9 | −0.23 (2.0) −0.23 (−3.0, 2.4) |
0.72 |
| IL12p70 (pg/ml) | 14 | −1.6 (9.3) −0.41 (−28.5, 11.2) |
9 | −10.1 (46.2) −0.61 (−129, 34.3) |
0.89 |
| IL-6:IL-10 ratio | 14 | −0.08 (1.0) −0.004 (−3.2, 1.6) |
9 | −0.003 (0.97) −0.12 (−0.7, 1.6) |
0.52 |
| TNFα (pg/ml) | 14 | −0.62 (1.4) −0.27 (−3.7, 1.3) |
9 | −2.1 (8.2) 0 (−23.7, 3.2) |
0.26 |
| Intestinal Permeability | |||||
| DAO (ng/ml) | 10 | −0.11 (0.24) −0.08 (−0.55, 0.29) |
8 | 0.03 (0.12) 0.08 (−0.12, 0.16) |
0.17 |
| IFABP (pg/ml) | 12 | −0.09 (0.45) −0.17 (−1.0, 0.72) |
10 | −0.04 (0.16) −0.03 (−0.35, 0.21) |
0.54 |
a
Negative numbers indicate a decrease from Visit 2 to Visit 3. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the change from Visit 2 to Visit 3 between the Placebo and Probiotic groups. CRP, C-reactive protein; DAO, D-amino acid oxidase; IFABP, intestinal fatty acid binding protein; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; mg/L, milligrams/liter; ng/ml, nanograms/ milliliter; pg/ml, picograms/ milliliter; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha.