Table 2.
Demographics, COVID-19 experience, lifestyle, and self-reported health conditions by mental health outcomes among essential workers from Brazil and Spain (N=3745), April to May 2020.
| Variable | Negative for both depression and anxiety (n=1973) | Positive for depression only (n=311) | Positive for anxiety only (n=434) | Positive for depression and anxiety (n=1027) | P value | |
| Country , n (%) |
|
|
|
|
<.001 | |
|
|
Brazil | 1280 (64.9) | 262 (84.2) | 360 (82.9) | 940 (91.5) |
|
|
|
Spain | 693 (35.1) | 49 (15.8) | 74 (17.1) | 87 (8.5) |
|
| Sex , n (%) |
|
|
|
|
<.001 | |
|
|
Male | 619 (31.4) | 91 (29.3) | 112 (25.8) | 231 (22.5) |
|
|
|
Female | 1354 (68.6) | 220 (70.7) | 322 (74.2) | 796 (77.5) |
|
| Age (years) , mean (SD) | 44.56 (12.33) | 39.25 (11.78) | 41.10 (10.63) | 37.43 (10.96) | <.001 | |
| Educational level , n (%) |
|
|
|
|
<.001 | |
|
|
Primary/secondary education or professional degree | 340 (17.2) |
43 (13.8) | 62 (14.3) | 222 (21.6) |
|
|
|
University degree | 984 (49.9) | 177 (56.9) | 228 (52.5) | 571 (55.6) |
|
|
|
Master’s/PhD degree | 649 (32.9) | 91 (29.3) | 144 (33.2) | 234 (22.8) |
|
| Frontline worker, n (%) | 660 (33.5) | 83 (26.7) | 172 (39.6) | 364 (35.4) | .002 | |
| People living in the household, median (IQR)a | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-4) | 3 (2-4) | .008 | |
| Self-isolatedb, n (%) | 824 (41.9) | 163 (53.1) | 191 (44.5) | 504 (49.7) | <.001 | |
| Diagnosed with COVID-19c, n (%) | 45 (2.3) | 8 (2.6) | 18 (4.2) | 33 (3.2) | .13 | |
| Lost someone in the pandemicc, n (%) | 169 (8.6) | 24 (7.7) | 48 (11.1) | 110 (10.7) | .11 | |
| SMILE-Cd, mean (SD) | 82.23 (7.71) | 76.16 (7.73) | 77.67 (7.43) | 71.41 (8.73) | <.001 | |
| Self-reported health (neither good nor bad, bad, or very bad)e | 280 (14.2) | 77 (24.8) | 112 (25.8) | 449 (43.8) | <.001 | |
| Diagnosed with or treated for… |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Chronic diseasesf | 568 (29.1) | 75 (24.2) | 140 (32.4) | 379 (37.3) | <.001 |
|
|
Mental health disordersg | 270 (13.8) | 74 (24.0) | 129 (30.3) | 501 (50.4) | <.001 |
|
|
Infectious diseasesh | 50 (2.5) | 8 (2.6) | 14 (3.2) | 39 (3.8) | .26 |
| Positive screening for alcohol abuse | 736 (37.3) | 143 (46.0) | 195 (44.9) | 475 (46.3) | <.001 | |
| Changes in… |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dietary and nutritional habitsi | 641 (32.5) | 145 (46.6) | 207 (47.7) | 481 (46.9) | <.001 |
|
|
Substance use habitsj | 213 (11.4) | 50 (17.4) | 64 (16.2) | 215 (22.5) | <.001 |
|
|
Physical activity routinek | 1187 (60.4) | 193 (62.9) | 287 (66.4) | 573 (56.4) | .003 |
| Strategies to manage stressl | 905 (45.9) | 157 (50.6) | 255 (58.9) | 494 (48.2) | <.001 | |
|
|
Sleep patternsi | 540 (27.4) | 133 (42.8) | 203 (46.9) | 586 (57.1) | <.001 |
|
|
Social supportm | 892 (45.6) | 158 (51.6) | 240 (55.6) | 589 (58.0) | <.001 |
|
|
Time spent indoors/outdoorsc | 1756 (89.1) | 269 (86.5) | 381 (88.0) | 878 (85.7) | .049 |
a n=2
bn=30
c n=7
dSMILE-C: Short Multidimensional Inventory Lifestyle Evaluation-Confinement; the higher the score, the healthier the lifestyle.
en=5
fn=31
gn=56
hn=6
in=3
jn=242
kn=25
ln=8
mn=33