Table 2.

Types of misinformation harms in humanitarian crises

Harm types	Description	References
Life harm	Life threatening harms and resulted deaths to victims.	Peretti-Watel et al. 2014.
Injury harm	Physical bodily injuries.	Peretti-Watel et al. 2014.
Income harm	Financial or economic damages due to loss of jobs.	Elliott 2019.
Business harm	Financial loss of business and organizational benefits.	Elliott 2019.
Emotion harm	Emotional sufferings such as sadness, anger, fear, stress or depression.	Nealon 2017.
Trust harm	Loss of belief and trust on people or social media.	Nealon 2017.
Reputation harm	Loss due to damaged reputation and related social consequences.	Maddock et al. 2015.
Discrimination harm	Suffering from discrimination actions and attitudes from others.	Maddock et al. 2015.
Connection harm	Suffering from interrupted social connections with family, friends or working partners.	Agrafiotis et al. 2018.
Isolation harm	Suffering due to social isolation from the community.	Agrafiotis et al. 2018.
Safety harm	Exposure to dangers such as identity thefts and consequences	Sandvik et al. 2017.
Access harm	Denied or restricted access to services due to leaked sensitive information.	Sandvik et al. 2017.
Privacy harm	Leaked sensitive or private data, which can lead to physical intrusions or consequences of misused data.	Ohlhausen 2017.
Decision harm	Wrong decisions that may lead to dangers.	Holdeman (2018).
Confusion harm	Loss of reaction time and confusion resulting in delayed decisions.	Holdeman (2018).