Table 3.
Factors associated with MS on univariate analysis (n = 182).
| Variable | Category | MS present (n = 73) | MS absent (n = 109) | OR with 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Background characteristics | |||||
| Age in years | ≤45 | 23 (31.5) | 56 (51.4) | 1 | — |
| >45 | 50 (68.5) | 53 (48.6) | 2.2 (1.2–4.2) | 0.009 | |
|
| |||||
| Gender | Male | 46 (63.0) | 69 (63.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.96 |
| Female | 27 (37.0) | 40 (36.7) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Marital status | Ever married | 71 (97.3) | 98 (89.9) | 1 | — |
| Single | 2 (2.7) | 11 (10.1) | 0.2 (0.0–1.1) | 0.07 | |
|
| |||||
| Education | Up to 7 years of schooling | 19 (26.0) | 30 (27.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.82 |
| >7 years of schooling | 54 (74.0) | 79 (72.5) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Occupation | Employed | 44 (60.3) | 78 (71.6) | 1 | — |
| Homemaker/unemployed | 29 (39.7) | 31 (28.4) | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | 0.11 | |
|
| |||||
| Average monthly income | (Median (IQR)) | 4000 (2500, 7083) | 4000 (2500, 6667) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.55 |
| Disease- and treatment-related factors | |||||
| Duration of HIV infection | ≤36 months | 32 (43.8) | 66 (60.6) | 1 | — |
| >36 months | 41 (56.2) | 43 (39.4) | 1.0 (1.0–3.5) | 0.02 | |
|
| |||||
| Recent CD4 count in cells/mm3 | ≤500 | 56 (76.7) | 89 (81.7) | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.41 |
| >500 | 17 (23.3) | 20 (18.3) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Treatment status | On ART | 53 (72.6) | 70 (64.2) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 0.23 |
| ART naïve | 20 (27.4) | 39 (35.8) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Duration of ART (n = 123) | ≤36 months | 13 (24.5) | 31 (44.3) | 1 | — |
| >36 months | 40 (75.5) | 39 (55.7) | 2.4 (1.1–5.3) | 0.02 | |
|
| |||||
| ART regimen | NNRTI based | 41 (56.2) | 50 (45.9) | 1.5 (0.8–3.1) | 0.17 |
| PI based | 12 (16.4) | 20 (18.3) | 1.1 (0.4–2.8) | 0.73 | |
| ART naive | 20 (27.4) | 39 (35.8) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| BMI | Normal (≤23 kg/m2) | 24 (32.9) | 81 (74.3) | 1 | — |
| Overweight and obese (>23 kg/m2) | 49 (67.1) | 28 (25.7) | 5.9 (3.0–11.3) | < 0.001 | |
|
| |||||
| Physical activity | Inactive | 35 (32.1) | 22 (30.1) | 0.9 (0.2–3.7) | 0.93 |
| Minimally active | 68 (62.4) | 47 (64.4) | 1.0 (0.2–3.8) | 0.95 | |
| HEPA | 6 (5.5) | 4 (5.5) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Tobacco consumption | Ever | 11 (15.1) | 21 (19.3) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 0.46 |
| Never | 62 (84.9) | 88 (80.7) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Alcohol consumption | Ever | 19 (26.0) | 30 (27.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.82 |
| Never | 54 (74.0) | 79 (72.5) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| High-fat item consumption | Daily | 8 (11.0) | 23 (21.1) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) | 0.09 |
| 2-3 times/week to once/week. | 39 (53.4) | 53 (48.6) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.83 | |
| No/rarely | 26 (35.6) | 33 (30.3) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| High-sugar item consumption | Daily | 24 (32.9) | 63 (57.8) | 0.2 (0.09–0.4) | < 0.001 |
| 2-3 times/week to once/week | 19 (26.0) | 30 (27.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.011 | |
| No/rarely | 30 (41.1) | 16 (14.7) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| High-salt item consumption | Daily | 29 (39.7) | 56 (51.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.01 |
| 2-3 times/week to once/week | 21 (28.8) | 37 (33.7) | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | 0.02 | |
| No/rarely | 23 (31.5) | 16 (14.7) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Fish consumption | Daily | 9 (12.3) | 7 (6.4) | 1 | — |
| 2-3 times/week to once/week | 33 (45.2) | 36 (33.0) | 0.7 (0.2–2.1) | 0.54 | |
| No/rarely | 31 (42.5) | 66 (60.6) | 0.3 (0.1–1.0) | 0.06 | |
|
| |||||
| Vegetable consumption | Daily | 71 (97.3) | 108 (99.1) | 1 | — |
| 2-3 times/week | 2 (2.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.2–34.1) | 0.36 | |
|
| |||||
| Family history of hypertension | Present | 25 (34.2) | 20 (18.3) | 2.3 (1.6–4.5) | 0.01 |
| Absent | 48 (65.8) | 89 (81.7) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Family history of DM | Present | 26 (35.6) | 27 (24.8) | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 0.11 |
| Absent | 47 (64.4) | 82 (75.2) | 1 | — | |
|
| |||||
| Family history of CVD | Present | 7 (9.6) | 2 (1.8) | 5.6 (1.1–28.1) | 0.03 |
| Absent | 66 (90.4) | 107 (98.2) | 1 | — | |
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CD4, cluster of differentiation 4; ART, anti-retroviral therapy; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; HEPA, health enhancing physical activity; CVD, cardiovascular disease;