Table 1.

Examples of growth factors produced by keratinocytes that promote wound healing.

Growth factor	Function	In vivo experiments and results	In vitro experiments and results
FGF2	Reepithelialization and granulation tissue formation	Global deletion of FGF2 in mice cause delayed skin wound healing [16].	FGF2 application stimulates human keratinocytes migration in vitro [88].
TGF-β	Inflammation	Global deletion of TGF-β in mice cause delayed wound healing [12]; TGF-β application in rats at the wound site accelerates wound healing [14, 53].	TGF-β application stimulates keratinocyte migration in skin explants by upregulating the expression of integrins [51, 52].
	Reepithelialization
	Keratinocytes migration
	Granulation tissue formation
VEGF-A	Angiogenesis	Keratinocyte-specific deletion of VEGF-A in mice reduces blood vessel formation at the wound site [74]. Topical VEGF in diabetic mice accelerate wound healing [74].	VEGF-A stimulates endothelial cells in vitro to increase tube formation [74].
HB-EGF	Reepithelialization	Keratinocyte-specific HB-EGF-deficient mice have delayed migration and wound closure [89].	HB-EGF overexpression by epidermal keratinocytes increases motility [90].